نیت میں نیت کرتا ہوں کہ اس ڈھائی گھنٹے کی کلاسس سے کچھ مفید اور نیا سیکھوں گا اور اسے اپنی زندگی میں استعمال کروں گا. اور اس مقصد کے لیے اپنی دونوں آنکھیں اور ایک کان کھلا رکھوں گا. کلاسس میں اچھے سوال کروں گا اور اچھے جواب دوں گا. اور اس کے ساتھ ساتھ ایک اچھے ماحول میں خود بھی مزے کروں گا اور دوسروں کو بھی کرنے دوں گا

BabyTossing

Uses of Logic Philosophy Mathematics Semantics Computer Science Research Decision-making Problem-solving

Logic Logic is the science of reasoning.

Logic Logic (from the Greek λογική logikē) is the formal systematic study of the principles of valid inference and correct reasoning.

History of Logic - Aristotle Aristotle Greek philosopher 384 BC – 322 BC Born in Stageira, Chalcidice (Thessaloniki – Greece) Studied at Plato’s Academy of Athens since he was 18 Father of logic Believed that logic should be build out of syllogism

History of Logic - Syllogism Syllogism: Starting from true statements followed by statements that must be true as well I.e. “If all monkeys are primates, and all primates are mammals, then all monkeys are mammals”. Learn new knowledge based on old knowledge

NewCalculationLogic

Argument Argument is an attempt to persuade someone of something, by giving reasons or evidence for accepting a particular conclusion

Proposition In logic and philosophy, the term proposition refers to either (a) the "content" or "meaning" of a meaningful declarative sentence or (b) the pattern of symbols, marks, or sounds that make up a meaningful declarative sentence.

Mentos Lift

Premise A premise is a statement that an argument claims will induce or justify a conclusion

Evidence Anything that establishes a fact or gives us a reason to believe something.

Reasoning The process of forming conclusions, judgments, or inferences from facts or premises.

Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning Reasoning that begins with a specific example and moves toward a broader generalization. Deductive Reasoning Reasoning that begins with a broad generalization and applies it to a specific example.

Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning Every time I kick the ball up it comes back down. I guess that the next time I kick the ball up, it will also come back down.

Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning According to Newton’s Law of Gravity, what goes up must come down. Therefore, if I kick the ball up it will come back down.

Fallacy In informal logic and rhetoric, a fallacy is usually incorrect argumentation in reasoning resulting in a misconception or presumption.

Logical Fallacies You flip through three television channels and all you see are commercials. You conclude that all that is on TV is commercials.

Logical Fallacies Hasty Generalization A faulty argument that occurs because the sample chosen is too small or in some way not representative of the whole.

Logical Fallacies In response to asking your mother if she will allow you to stay out late, she replies, “all teenagers are irresponsible. You are a teenager and therefore, you are irresponsible and are not allowed to stay out late.”

Logical Fallacies False Premise An error in deductive reasoning that is based on a hasty generalization.

Logical Fallacies A police officer shows up to the scene of a crime and finds a man holding a gun standing next to a dead body. The police officer arrests the man for murder.

Logical Fallacies Circumstantial Evidence Drawing a conclusion based on the evidence at hand. Circumstantial evidence only suggests a conclusion, it does not prove one.

Logical Fallacies A bus passes by the clock tower everyday at 12:00PM. Everyday at 12:00PM the bell at the top of the clock tower rings. The bus passing by the clock tower must trigger the ringing of the bell.

Logical Fallacies Mistaken Causality (Causation vs. Correlation) Causal relationships between events mean that one causes the other to occur. Correlation means that there is a relationship between two events, but not necessarily a causal relationship.

Logical Fallacies You tell your math teacher that you ought to be able to use notes during your test. After all, lawyers don’t have to memorize every law and doctors don’t have to remember every medical procedure by heart.

Logical Fallacies False Analogy An analogy that compares two things that are not really the same. Keep in mind that no two sets of conditions are perfectly alike, and so no analogy is perfect.

Logical Fallacies Students will devote more time to studying if there is more time for study hall. We should increase the number of study hall periods if we want students to study more.

Logical Fallacies Begging the Question Making an argument that assumes whatever you are trying to prove is true. Occurs most often in the form of circular reasoning.

Logical Fallacies Ignoring the Question When a speaker attempts to divert the attention of the audience away from the matter at hand.

Logical Fallacies Playing With Numbers The manipulation or distortion of statistics to misrepresent facts.

Logical Fallacies Ad Hominem Attacking the person making the argument instead of attacking the argument itself.

Logical Fallacies An alien that visits Earth for the first time lands her UFO in Antarctica. The alien concludes that the only inhabitants of Earth are penguins and fish.

Logical Fallacies Debaters are geeks, so we can all assume that Mark is a geek because he is a debater.

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Quiz What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?