Ch 2 1 Chapter 2 Kinematics in One Dimension Giancoli, PHYSICS,6/E © Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey

Ch 2 2 Reference Frames Any measurement of position, displacement, velocity or acceleration must be made with respect to a defined reference frame—this is first step in problem solution. Possible reference frames: Window with up = + or – Ground with up = + or - Un-stretched net with up = + or - Stretched net with up = + or -

Ch 2 3 Coordinate Axis We will use a set of coordinate axis where x is horizontal and y is vertical +y+y -y +x+x -x x 1 x 2 Many problems will be motion in one dimension so we will plot x vs. time.

Ch 2 4 Displacement Displacement: change in position +y+y -y +x+x -x x 1 x 2 Displacement is a vector, so it has magnitude and direction. In one dimension we use + or minus sign to indicate direction.

Ch 2 5 Don’t Confuse Displacement and Distance A person walks 70 m East and 30 m West. Distance traveled = Displacement = 100 m 40 m East or + 40 m

Ch 2 6 Negative Displacement In the figure below the displacement is negative. A negative displacement may indicate motion toward the West or something else depending on the situation and the coordinate system chosen.

Ch 2 7 Average Speed and Velocity Average velocity is a vector, so it has magnitude and direction. In one dimension we use + or minus sign to indicate direction.

Ch 2 8 Instantaneous Velocity instantaneous velocity is defined as the average velocity over an infinitesimally short time interval.

Ch 2 9 Example 1. An airplane travels 3100 km at a speed of 790 km/h, and then encounters a tailwind that boosts its speed to 990 km/h for the next 2800 km. What was the total time for the trip? (Assume three significant figures)

Ch 2 10 Example 1 (continued) An airplane travels 3100 km at a speed of 790 km/h, and then encounters a tailwind that boosts its speed to 990 km/h for the next 2800 km. What was the total time for the trip? (Assume three significant figures) What was the average speed of the plane for this trip? Note: A simple average of v 1 and v 2 gives 890 km/h and is not correct

Ch 2 11 Acceleration Average Acceleration: change in velocity divided by the time taken to make this change.

Ch 2 12 Acceleration t (s)v ( m/s)a ( m/ s 2 ) A car accelerates from rest with a constant acceleration of 15 m / s 2.

Ch 2 13 Example 2. A car traveling at 15.0 m/s slows down to 5.0 m/s in 5.0 seconds. Calculate the car’s acceleration. Coordinate System: + is to the right

Ch 2 14 Acceleration Instantaneous Acceleration: same definition as before but over a very short  t.

Ch 2 15 Derivations In the next 4 slides we will combine several known equations under the assumption that the acceleration is constant. This process is called a derivation. In general you will need to know the initial assumptions, the resultant equations and how to apply them. You do not need to memorize derivations But, I could ask you to derive an equation for a specific problem. This is very similar to an ordinary problem without a numeric answer.

Ch 2 16 Motion at Constant Acceleration - Derivation Consider the special case acceleration equals a constant: a = constant Use the subscript “0” to refer to the initial conditions Thus t 0 refers to the initial time and we will set t 0 = 0. At this time v 0 is the initial velocity and x 0 is the initial displacement. At a later time t, v is the velocity and x is the displacement In the equations t 1  t 0 and t 2  t

Ch 2 17 Motion at Constant Acceleration - Derivation The average velocity during this time is: The acceleration is assumed to be constant From this we can write

Ch 2 18 Motion at Constant Acceleration - Derivation Because the velocity increases at a uniform rate, the average velocity is the average of the initial and final velocities From the definition of average velocity And thus

Ch 2 19 Motion at Constant Acceleration The book derives one more equation by eliminating time The 4 equations listed below only apply when a = constant

Ch 2 20 Problem Solving Tips 1. Read the whole problem and make sure you understand it. Then read it again. 2. Decide on the objects under study and what the time interval is. 3. Draw a diagram and choose coordinate axes. 4. Write down the known (given) quantities, and then the unknown ones that you need to find. 5. What physics applies here? Plan an approach to a solution.

Ch 2 21 Problem Solving Tips 6. Which equations relate the known and unknown quantities? Are they valid in this situation? Solve algebraically for the unknown quantities, and check that your result is sensible (correct dimensions). 7. Calculate the solution and round it to the appropriate number of significant figures. 8. Look at the result – is it reasonable? Does it agree with a rough estimate? 9. Check the units again.

Ch 2 22 Example 3. A world-class sprinter can burst out of the blocks to essentially top speed (of about 11.5 m/s) in the first 15.0 m of the race. What is the average acceleration of this sprinter, and how long does it take her to reach that speed? (Note: we have to assume a=constant)

Ch 2 23 Example 4. A truck going at a constant speed of 25 m/s passes a car at rest. The instant the truck passes the car, the car begins to accelerate at a constant 1.00 m / s 2. How long does it take for the car to catch up with the truck. How far has the car traveled when it catches the truck? When the car catches the truck:

Ch 2 24 Common Mistakes Forget that sign indicates direction Assume that displacement, velocity and acceleration are always in the same direction. ( Often not true ) Use equations for motion at constant acceleration when acceleration in not constant. Confuse average quantities with instantaneous quantities Don’t worry about units, the grader will know what you mean. Don’t worry if your answer isn’t reasonable, your calculator wouldn’t make a mistake Don’t bother to organize your work

Ch 2 25 Falling Objects Galileo showed that for object falling from rest with no air resistance y  t 2 Note that this is true when acceleration is constant

Ch 2 26 Falling Objects Galilei showed that near the surface of the earth at the same location in the absence of air resistance all objects fall with the same constant acceleration g, the acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8 m/s 2 Note: g is a positive number. When you define your coordinate system, you can decide whether up or down is positive.

Ch 2 27 Up and Down Motion For object that is thrown upward and returns to starting position: assumes up is positive velocity changes sign (direction) but acceleration does not Velocity at top is zero time up = time down Velocity returning to starting position = velocity when it was released but opposite sign

Ch 2 28 Acceleration due to Gravity

Ch 2 29 Example 5 (2-47) A stone is thrown vertically upward with a speed of 12.0 m/s from the edge of a cliff 70.0 m high (Fig. 2–34). (a) How much later does it reach the bottom of the cliff? (b) What is its speed just before hitting? (c) What total distance did it travel? (a) UP = POSITIVE Use quadratic equation: Answer = 5.20 s

Ch 2 30 Example A stone is thrown vertically upward with a speed of 12.0 m/s from the edge of a cliff 70.0 m high (Fig. 2–34). (a) How much later does it reach the bottom of the cliff? (b) What is its speed just before hitting? (c) What total distance did it travel? (b) (c) Find maximum height, where Total distance =

Ch 2 31 Example 5 (2-47) continued. A stone is thrown vertically upward with a speed of 12.0 m/s from the edge of a cliff 70.0 m high (Fig. 2–34). (a) How much later does it reach the bottom of the cliff? (b) What is its speed just before hitting? (c) What total distance did it travel? Excel Calculation—use the equation for displacement and velocity to get y and v y vs time.

Ch 2 32 Graphical Analysis of Linear Motion

Ch 2 33 Graphical Analysis of Linear Motion v is slope of position vs. time graph. a is slope of velocity vs. time graph.

Ch 2 34 Example 6: Calculate the acceleration between points A and B and B and C.