Understanding the USEPA’s AERMOD Modeling System for Environmental Managers Ashok Kumar Kanwar Siddharth Bhardwaj Abhilash Vijayan University of Toledo akumar@utnet.utoledo.edu Concentration Calculation

AMBIENT AIR CONCENTRATION MODELING Types of Pollutant Sources Point Sources e.g., stacks or vents Area Sources e.g., landfills, ponds, storage piles Volume Sources e.g., conveyors, structures with multiple vents Factors Affecting Dispersion of Pollutants in the Atmosphere Source Characteristics Emission rate of pollutant Stack height Exit velocity of the gas Exit temperature of the gas Stack diameter Meteorological Conditions Wind velocity Wind direction Ambient temperature Atmospheric stability

CONCENTRATION MODELING Plume rise calculations Concentration calculations Dispersion coefficients Downwash conditions Evaluation

BASIC SEGMENTS OF AN ELEVATED PLUME

BASIC SEGMENTS OF AN ELEVATED PLUME INITIAL PHASE Vertical Jet : Effluents are not deflected immediately upon entering the cross flow if (Vs / U > 4 ) Bent-Over Jet Section : Entrainment of the cross flow is rapid because by this time appreciable growth of vortices has taken place Thermal Section : Self generated turbulence causes mixing and determines the growth of plume TRANSITION PHASE Plume's internal turbulence levels have dropped enough so that the atmospheric eddies in the inertial sub range determines the plume's growth DIFFUSION PHASE The plume's own turbulence has dropped and energy containing eddies of atmospheric turbulence determine the growth of plume

TYPES Of PLUME TYPES OF PLUME RISE Continuos Plume: The release and the sampling time are long compared with the travel time Puff Diffusion / Instantaneous Plume: The release time or sampling time is short when compared with the travel time TYPES OF PLUME RISE Buoyancy Effect: Rise due to the temperature difference between stack plume and ambient air Momentum Rise: Rise due to exit velocity of the effluents (emissions)

CLASSICAL GAUSSIAN PLUME MODELS Advantages Produce results that match closely with experimental data Incorporate turbulence in an ad-hoc manner Simple in their mathematics Quicker than numerical models Do not require super computers Disadvantages Not suitable if the pollutant is reactive in nature Fails to incorporate turbulence in comprehensive sense Unable to predict concentrations beyond radius of approximately 20 Km For greater distances, wind variations, mixing depths and temporal variations become predominant

SOURCES OF ERROR IN A CLASSICAL GAUSSIAN MODEL

METHODS TO INCORPORATE PLUME RISE The effective Source Height Method The variable Plume Model Method

EFFECTIVE SOURCE HEIGHT METHOD Independent of downwind distance, x Effective source height.(Screen model) h = hs + Dh - ht where, hs = Physical chimney height ht = Maximum terrain height between the source and receptor VARIABLE PLUME METHOD Takes into account the tilt of the plume

PLUME DISPERSION PARAMETERS Release Height Terrain Features Velocity Field Sampling Time

PLUME RISE CALCULATIONS No penetration Complete penetration Partial penetration

INPUT PARAMETERS FOR PLUME RISE Buoyant Flux Momentum Flux Brunt-Vaisala Frequency Penetration Parameter

PLUME RISE INPUT

PLUME RISE INPUT

PLUME RISE IN THE CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY LAYER

INDIRECT PLUME

PLUME RISE FOR PENETRATED PLUME

PLUME RISE IN STABLE BOUNDARY LAYER Up and N are evaluated initially at stack height and subsequent plume estimates are made iteratively by averaging them at stack top with those at hs+ Δhs/2

THE MAXIMUM FINAL RISE OF STABLE PLUME

NEUTRAL ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION (N=0)

FINAL STABLE PLUME RISE EQUATION CALM STABLE CONDITION FINAL STABLE PLUME RISE EQUATION

SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION Source can be characterized as point, area, volume. Additional ability to account for irregular shaped areas Point Source: similar to ISC3 Input: Location, Elevation, Emission rate, Stack height, Stack inside diameter, Stack gas exit velocity, and Temperature. Area Source: Treatment is enhanced from that available in ISC3 Input as squares, rectangles, circles or polygons Polygons may be defined upto 20 vertices.

SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION (Contd..) Volume Sources: Differs from ISC3 in considering the initial plume size Input includes Location, Elevation height, Height of release, Emission rate, Initial lateral and vertical plume rise Unlike ISC3, AERMOD adds the square of the initial plume size to the square of ambient plume size σy2 = σyl2 + σyo2

CONCENTRATION Concentration, C is given by the equation Where, Q Emission rate U Effective wind speed Py pdf in lateral direction Pz pdf in vertical direction

CONCENTRATION (contd..) AERMOD assumes a traditional Gaussian p.d.f. for both the lateral and vertical distributions in the SBL and for the lateral distribution in the CBL. The CBL’s vertical distribution of plume material reflects the distinctly non-Gaussian nature of the vertical velocity distribution in convectively mixed layers. Weighting of the 2 states depends on the Degree of atmospheric stability Wind speed Plume height relative to terrain Under stable conditions horizontal plume dominates thus given greater weight, while in unstable and neutral conditions terrain rising plume is weighted more.

GENERAL STRUCTURE FOR COMPLEX TERRAIN In stable flows a stable two layer structure is used: lower layer remains horizontal while upper layer tends to rise over terrain Layers are distinguished by the dividing stream line Hc. Plume below the Hc remains horizontal and the plume above Hc follows the hill and rises. In neutral and unstable cases lower layer disappears and entire flow rises up the hill.

TWO STATE APPROACH FOR CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS IN THE PRESENCE OF A HILL The total concentration predicted by AERMOD is the weighted sum of the two extreme possible plume states

TWO LAYER CONCEPT The concentrations on a hill lies between values associated with two possible extreme states of a plume: Case 1: A horizontal plume that occurs under stable conditions where he flow is forced to go around the hill Case 2: Terrain flowing state where the plume rises over terrain Note: For simple terrain the two cases are equivalent.

CONCENTRATION IN THE PRESENCE OF A HILL Where: CT {xr, yr, zr} Total Concentration Cc,s {xr, yr, zr} Concentration from the horizontal plume state Cc,s {xr, yr, zp} Concentration from the terrain following plume state f Plume state weighting function zp Height of receptor above terrain zr Elevation of receptor above stack base zt Elevation of terrain above stack base

DIVIDING STREAMLINE HEIGHT - HC Hc is calculated using the algorithm in CTDMPLUS using hc from AERMAP as: Where: N Brunt-Vaisala frequency u(Hc) Wind speed at height Hc hc Receptor specific terrain scale

DIVIDING STREAMLINE HEIGHT – HC (Contd..) The fraction of the plume mass below Hc, as Weighting factor f is related to the fraction by

AERMOD’s Three Plume Treatment of the CBL THREE PLUME APPROACH - FUNDAMENTAL FEATURE OF AERMOD’S CONVECTIVE MODEL AERMOD’s Three Plume Treatment of the CBL

Instantaneous and corresponding ensemblage-averaged plume in the CBL CONCENTRATIONS IN CBL Downdrafts more prevalent in CBL than the updrafts; the vertical concentration distribution is not Gaussian. Since larger percentage of the plume is affected by the downdrafts this ensemblage average has a general downward trend. Instantaneous and corresponding ensemblage-averaged plume in the CBL

CONCENTRATIONS IN CBL (contd..) The instantaneous plume is assumed to have a Gaussian concentration distribution about its randomly varying centerline The mean concentration is found by summing the concentrations due to random centerline displacements. This results in a skewed distribution which AERMOD presents as a bi-Gaussian p.d.f. AERMOD approach extends Gifford’s model to account for plume rise. The p.d.f. of the plume centerline height zc is Where hs is the stack height, u is the mean wind speed and x is the downwind distance, ∆h is the plume rise including source momentum and buoyancy effects

THREE PLUME APPROACH (contd..) Direct or Real Source - describes the dispersion of the plume material that reaches ground directly from source via downdrafts Indirect Source - treats the plume sections that initially rise to the CBL top in updrafts and return to the ground via downdrafts Penetrated Source - accounts for the material that initially penetrates the elevated inversion height

CONCENTRATION IN CBL The total concentration in the CBL for the horizontal plume state is Where: Cc {xr, yr, zr} Total concentration in CBL Cd {xr, yr, zr} Direct Source concentration contribution Cr {xr, yr, zr} Indirect Source concentration contribution Cp {xr, yr, zr} Penetrated Source concentration contribution The total concentration for the terrain responding state has the form of the above equation by replacing zr with zp.

CONCENTRATION IN SBL Equation for concentration in SBL

PLUME SIMULATION IN AERMOD 5 different plume typed simulated based on the atmospheric stability and on the location and in and above the boundary layer Direct Indirect Penetrated Injected Stable During stable conditions, plumes are modeled with the familiar horizontal and vertical Gaussian formulations During convective conditions (L<0) the horizontal distribution is still Gaussian; the vertical concentration distribution results from a combination of the first three plume types. During convective conditions, AERMOD also handles a speaicl case referred to as an injected source where the stack top (or release height) is greater than the mixing height.

ESTIMATION OF DISPERSION COEFFICIENTS σy Standard deviation for lateral concentration σz Standard deviation for vertical concentration Case 1: Without a building Ambient turbulence Turbulence due to buoyancy Case 2: Presence of a building Building wake effects

DISPERSION COEFFICIENT IN CBL

DISPERSION COEFFICIENT FOR A PENETRATED PLUME

DISPERSION COEFFICIENT IN SBL(Injected Sources)

LATERAL DISPERSION DUE TO AMBIENT TURBULENCE (CBL & SBL)

LATERAL DISPERSION DUE TO AMBIENT TURBULENCE (PENETRATED SOURCE)

BUOYANCY INDUCED DISPERSION COEFFICIENTS (DIRECT SOURCE)

BUOYANCY INDUCED DISPERSION COEFFICIENTS (STABLE PLUME RISE)

BUOYANCY INDUCED DISPERSION COEFFICIENTS (PENETRATED SOURCE)

VERTICAL DISPERSION DUE TO AMBIENT TURBULENCE (SBL)

CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS UNDER DOWNWASH x Downwind distance from the upwind of the building to the receptor y Crosswind distance from the building centerline to the receptor z Receptor Height above ground σxg Longitudinal dimension of the wake σyg Distance from the building centerline to the lateral edge of the wake σzg Height of the wake at the receptor location CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS UNDER DOWNWASH

CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS UNDER DOWNWASH Within the wake Use PRIME algorithm Beyond wake Use of PRIME and AERMOD CTotal = γ CPrime + (1- γ) CAERMOD When :

TREATMENT OF BUILDING DOWNWASH Use of numerical plume rise model Use of AERMOD dispersion coefficients

AERMOD-How it is different from other models Air dispersion fundamentally based on the planetary boundary layer turbulence structure and scaling concepts The treatment of both surface and elevated sources in included Both simple and complex terrains are treated with the same set of equations