By: Jaleshia Edwards, Trazjon Slaughter, David Peralta Excretory System By: Jaleshia Edwards, Trazjon Slaughter, David Peralta

Vocabulary Nephrons: the functional units of the kidneys Ureters: tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder Urethra: the tube that leads from the bladder to the outside of the body Cystitis: inflammation of the bladder Urethritis: inflammation of the urethra Hemodialysis: a technique in which an artificial kidney machine removes waste products from the blood

Continued… Lungs: expel when you breath Skin: as sweat evaporates on the surface of the skin, it cools the body Large Intestine: solid wastes produced by the digestive system are eliminated

Excretory System Removes waste from body Sweating is another form of excretion Removes excess water & salt Helps regulate body temp.

The Liver Removes certain toxins from blood 1st organ to receive chemicals absorbed from small intestine Detoxifies body by processing & excreting into bile ex: drugs, alcohol, some cellular waste products

Urinary System Consist of kidneys, bladder, ureters, & urethra Main function to filter waste & extra fluid from blood Urine liquid waste material excreted from body Consist of water & body waste that contain nitrogen

Kidneys Bean shaped organ size of a fist Near middle of back just below rib cage on each side Removes waste products from blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons

Nephrons Each kidney contains more than a million nephrons Each nephron consists of a ball formed of small blood capillaries called aglomerulus Attached to small renal tubule that acts as a filtering funnel Kidneys adjust amount of salts, water & other material excreted according to body’s needs

The Ureters Tubes that connect kidneys to bladder Each Ureter is about 8 to 10 inches long Muscles in Ureter walls tighten & relax force urine down to bladder about every 15 seconds

The Bladder & Urethra Hollow muscular organ in pelvic cavity Bladder held in place by ligaments attached to other organs & pelvic bones Stores about 2 cups of Urine from leaking Sphincter muscles close tightly like a rubber band around opening of bladder into Urethra

Maintaining Your excretory Health Drink at least 8-ounces of water each day Limit intake of caffeine & soft drinks, can increase amount of water last through urination Follow a well-balanced eating plan Practice good hygiene to prevent harmful bacteria from causing infection Get regular medical checkups. Report changes in bowel habits & in frequency, color, or odor of urine.

Excretory System Problems Disorders of excretory system can have several different causes Including infection, blockage of urine, or natural aging Two common disorders of urinary system are cystitis & Urethritis Symptoms of both conditions: burning pain during urination, increased frequency of urination, fever, & possibly blood in urine Treatment requires visit to doctor & may include antibiotics to eliminate infection

Kidney Problems Nephritis: inflammation of nephrons. Symptoms include a change in amount of urine produced, fever, & swelling of body tissues Kidney stones: form when salts in urine crystallize into solid stones. Can move in ureter causing pain. May also block passage of urine. Small stones may pass naturally. Large stones can be broke up using shock waves. Some cases require surgery.

Continued….. Uremia: is a serious condition associated with decreased blood filtration by kidneys, leading to abnormally high levels of nitrogen waste products remaining in blood. Waste are poisonous to body cells & can cause tissue damage, or death if allowed to accumulate.

Kidney failure Occurs when kidneys lose their ability to function. Can be caused by infection, decreased blood flow, or diseases that damage kidney tissue. Treatments: Hemodialysis; a machine that filters the blood. Takes 3 to 5 hours. Done 3 to 4 times per week.

Continued… Peritoneal dialysis: uses peritoneum, a thin membrane that surrounds the digestive organs, to filter the blood. Substances that promote removal of toxins enter into abdomen through catheter & are drained after filtration is complete Kidney transplant: option for chronic kidney failure. Involves replacement of a nonfunctioning kidney with a healthy kidney from a organ donor.