Warm-Up / EOC Prep 1. 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2 represents the process of ___. A. Photosynthesis B. Fermentation C. Cellular respiration D. Glycolysis 2. Organisms need a way of storing energy as ATP because ___. A. A cell can always immediately use all the energy it gets B. An organism often has times when no energy is used C. A cell can release only stored energy D. A cell can create energy and does not need to get it from elsewhere in the organism

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Announcements Quiz Friday on Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration. Goal 2 Exam is Tuesday, September 29th. Topics to be covered: pH, water, organic molecules, enzymes, cell theory, prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, cell membrane, cell transport, ATP, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, fermentation

Warm-Up / EOC Prep 1. An individual running a marathon may experience periods of oxygen-deprivation (not enough oxygen in the cells) that can lead to A. Anaerobic respiration in muscle cells, forming lactic acid B. Aerobic respiration in muscle cells, generating glycogen C. Anaerobic respiration in liver cells, producing glucose D. Aerobic respiration in liver cells, synthesizing alcohol 2. A cell with numerous ribosomes is probably specialized for A. Enzyme storage B. Energy production C. Cell division D. Protein synthesis

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Announcements Quiz TOMORROW on Cell Transport, Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration. Goal 2 Exam is Tuesday, September 29th. Topics to be covered: pH, water, organic molecules, enzymes, cell theory, prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, cell membrane, cell transport, ATP, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, fermentation

BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW Guided Notes

“organic” molecules have carbon. “inorganic” molecules do not have carbon.

Monomers are small parts that make up a large polymers. Monomer + Monomer + Monomer = polymer

Organic Molecule Elements Function Monomer Sketch Test Carbohydrate C, H, O monosaccharides Benedicts (sugar) Iodine (starch) Lipid C, H Glycerol fatty acids Brown paper Protein C, H, O, N Amino acids Biurets Nucleic Acid C, H, O, N, P nucleotides No test

Water is a universal solvent – it dissolves most molecules and ions. pH is a measure of the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution. pH scale goes from 1-14.

1-6 = acid– the lower the pH, the stronger the acid. Ex. 2 is a stronger acid than 5 7 = NEUTRAL – based on pure water 8-14 =base (alkaline) – the higher the pH, the stronger the base. Ex. 14 is a stronger the base than 11

Enzymes are a special type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of a reaction.   Enzymes are biological catalysts.

The material an enzyme works on is called the substrate. The pocket or groove where the substrate fits into on the enzyme is called the active site

Enzymes are named for the substrate that they work with Enzymes are named for the substrate that they work with. Names usually end in –ase. Enzymes can be “denatured” by a change in temperature or a change in pH.

REVIEW Enzymes can also be called…

Biological catalysts

The material the enzyme works on is called the _______ and the pocket or groove is called the ________ _______.

Substrate, active site

A pH of 8 means it is a …

base

What organic molecule is made out of glycerol and fatty acids?

lipid

Use for transport and repair…

proteins

Cool-Down 1- What is the equation for cellular respiration? 2- What organelle does cellular respiration occur in? 3- What is aerobic? Anaerobic? 4- What is the equation for photosynthesis?

Warm-Up / EOC Prep 1. Which characteristic of prokaryotic organisms makes them different from eukaryotes? A. Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles B. Prokaryotes do not have chromosomes C. Prokaryotes are made of cells D. Prokaryotes have DNA 2. Active transport is different from passive transport because it uses A. Water B. Proteins C. Ribosomes D. Energy

Agenda Warm-Up Quiz- Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis Review Notes 2 Puzzle Cells Review WS Clean-Up Cool-down

Announcements Goal 2 Exam is Tuesday, September 29th. Topics to be covered: pH, water, organic molecules, enzymes, cell theory, prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, cell membrane, cell transport, ATP, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, fermentation

Student of the week is…

BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW DAY 2 Guided Notes

The cell theory was developed with the help of the light microscope. The cell theory states that: 1. all organisms are composed of cells 2. cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things 3. cells come from pre-existing cells

Cell Theory People: a. Anton von Leeuwenhoek  saw living things in pond water b. Robert Hooke  named the cell c. Matthias Schleiden  plants made of cells

d. Theodore Schwann  animals made of cells e. Rudolph Virchow  all cells come from other cells

Total Magnification = eyepiece(ocular lens) x objective lens Eyepiece = 10x Objectives = 10x, 40x Greatest possible magnification = 400x Ex. Total magnification 600x = Eyepiece 10x X Objective 60x

Under the microscope, letters get put upside down and backwards. Ex. “J” appears as “___”.

Parts of the microscope: a. stage – where you put the slide b. objective lens – magnifies the image c. arm and base – used to carry the microscope

Types of microscopes: 1. light microscope 2. transmission electron microscope 3. scanning electron microscope

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC CELLS No nucleus No organelles Came first Small Simple Eukaryotic Nucleus Organelles Came second Bigger Complex

nucleus– controls the cell (where DNA is found) Ribosomes – site of protein synthesis (make proteins) Plasma (Cell Membrane – controls what comes in and out Endoplasmic reticulum– series of channels that act as a transport system

Golgi Apparatus – packs, sorts and ships molecules Mitochondria –powerhouse; makes energy; site of cellular respiration chloroplast – site of photosynthesis

Vacuole – stores waste, water and food cell wall – used for structure and support in plant cells

Plant cells are different from animal cells in three ways: plant cells have a cell wall, animal cells do not plant cells have chloroplasts, animal cells do not plant cells have larger vacuoles

If the ocular lens is 10x, and the objectives are 10x, and 50x, what is the greatest possible magnification?

500x

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

P-no nucleus, no organelles, smaller, came first

What is the difference between plant and animal cells?

P-chloroplasts, cell wall, larger vacuoles

If a cell cannot make proteins, they do not have…

ribosomes

The organelle that supports and protects plant cells is the…

Cell wall

X Y Warm-Up / EOC Prep A. Nucleic acid and a lipid 1. The structures labeled X and Y represent a A. Nucleic acid and a lipid B. Protein and a carbohydrate C. Nucleic acid and a carbohydrate D. Protein and a lipid 2. Cells store energy by converting A. ADP to ATP B. ATP to ADP C. Both A and B D. None of the above X Y

Agenda Warm-Up Crossword Review Notes 3 Multiple Choice #2 Matching Vocab Clean-Up Cool-down

Announcements Goal 2 Exam is TOMORROW. Topics to be covered: pH, water, organic molecules, enzymes, cell theory, prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, cell membrane, cell transport, ATP, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, fermentation

BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW DAY 3 Guided Notes

Cell Membrane The Cell membrane (plasma membrane) is made up of two layers of lipid, so it is called a lipid bilayer

Proteins can also be found inside the membrane Proteins can also be found inside the membrane. They can act as receptors, channels and pumps. The lipid bilayer contains phospholipid molecules with nonpolar tails and polar heads.

Their hydrophobic tails are “water hating”, while the hydrophilic heads are “water loving”. They are arranged in the membrane with the tails together and the heads on the outside.

Most biological membranes are “selectively permeable”, or some substances can pass across the membrane while others cannot

The semi permeability of the cell membrane is most closely associated with the maintenance of homeostasis. Two main types of transport are active and passive.

Passive Transport – does not require energy; moves molecules from high concentration  low concentration. diffusion – molecules move from high  low osmosis – water moves from high  low (water moves from less salt to more salt) facilitated diffusion– large molecules move from high  low through a transport protein

Active Transport – requires energy (ATP); moves substances from low concentration  high concentration. equilibrium – the concentration of dissolved substance is the same throughout a system.

What happens to a cell when … it is placed in a solution with a higher salt concentration – it will shrink it is placed in a solution with the same salt concentration – stays the same it is placed in a solution with lower salt concentration – it will swell and burst

Photosynthesis is the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy.

Equation: CO2 + H2O + Light  C6H12O6+ O2 Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light  Glucose (sugars) + oxygen Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast and the sunlight required for the reaction is absorbed by the chloroplast pigment chlorophyll.

There are 2 stages to photosynthesis: 1. light reactions (Electron Transport Chain) 2. Calvin Cycle (dark reactions)

Cellular Respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. Equation: C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H20 + ATP (energy) Glucose + oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + water + ATP

Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. The most energy is made during aerobic cellular respiration (36 ATP / molecule of glucose) There are 3 stages to aerobic cellular respiration: Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain

Anaerobic respiration occurs when there is a lack of oxygen for the cells. Anaerobic respiration has 2 stages: Glycolysis fermentation

There are 2 types of fermentation: Lactic Acid Forms lactic acid as a byproduct. Lactic acid creates sore muscles after exercising.

Alcoholic Forms ethanol as a byproduct. Used in making alcohol.

REVIEW

Which type of respiration produces more ATP?

aerobic

What is the gas produced by photosynthesis?

oxygen

What does the mitochondria make?

ATP

What happens to a cell in salty water?

shrinks

The cell membrane is made out of …

Lipids and proteins

WARM-UP / EOC PREP 1. Which of the following biomolecules is correctly paired with its building blocks?  A. Carbohydrate-nucleotide B. Protein-monosaccharide C. Lipid-fatty acids D. Nucleic acid-amino acids 2. Which organelle is responsible for digesting old organelles and removing waste using enzymes? A. Mitochondria B. Golgi body C. Chloroplast D. Lysosome

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