3B Evidence of Evolution Week 1 Ms. Darlak

Warm-up 05/05 What is your definition for the term CONVERGE? Create an example sentence using the word. What is your definition for the term DIVERGE?

Agenda 05/05 Keep in mind → NS is microevolution! 3B Evidence of Evolution MACRO Evolution = Change of longer time = Give rise to new species Types of Evolution Convergent Divergent Coevolution

3B evidence of Evolution Types of Evolution Speed of Evolution Evidence of Evolution

Types Evolution (MACRO)

Types of Evolution A. Divergent Evolution B. Convergent Evolution C. Coevolution

A. Divergent Evolution p.5 Process by which two closely related species gradually become less alike or more dissimilar Homologous Structures Same Structure Different Function Vestigial Structures not presently used Ancestral function

Homologous Structures SAME STRUCTURE = same ancestor DIFFERENT FUNCTION = adaptation

Homologous Structures

Human Vestigial Organs Traces of homologous organs in ancestral species Organ that serves no present useful function

Vestigial Organs “Legs” on Snakes Eyes on Cave Dwellers Flightless birds with Wings Vestigial Organs

Vestigial Organs

Species 2 Species 1 Divergent Evolution Common Ancestor

B. Convergent Evolution p.5 Pattern of evolution which unrelated organisms evolve similar traits because they live in similar habitats Analogous Structures Different Structure Same Function

Analogous Structures Flight DIFFERENT STRUCTURES = different ancestors SAME FUNCTION (adaptation) Flight

Convergent Evolution Species 1 Species 2

Convergent Evolution

Warm-up 05/06 Which of these pairs (sisters or Elvis’) are similar due to structure (inheritance)? Which are similar due to function? Which are homologous? Which are analogous? Explain your reasoning.

Try it Again. Which of these (Blue or Purple) is an example of homologous structures?

Agenda 05/06 Review Divergent and Convergent Homologous and Analogous Evidence of Evolution Fossils pp. 7-8 Embryology pp. 9-10 Class/Homework: pp.7-8

Convergent & Divergent Evolution

Divergent vs Convergent Check

Coevolution When two species evolve together. There is a mutual evolutionary influence between two species. The species have a symbiotic relationship (interaction between members of two populations). Examples: predators & prey, parasites & hosts, plant-eating animals & plants

Coevolution

Plants & Pollinators

Yucca Moth & Yucca Plant

Divergent evolution, convergent evolution, and coevolution are different ways organisms adapt to the environment. These are examples of how the diversity of life on earth is due to the ever-changing interaction between a species and it’s environment. To Be Continued…….. in 4B

Speed of Evolution

Punctuated Equilibrium Rate of Evolution p. 5 Does evolution happen gradually or rapidly? Punctuated Equilibrium Gradualism gradual accumulation of small changes over long time rapid bursts of change mixed with long periods of little or no change

Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium gradual divergence over long spans of time assume that big changes occur as the accumulation of many small ones Punctuated Equilibrium rapid bursts of change long periods of little or no change species undergo rapid change when they 1st bud from parent population

Evidence of Evolution

Five Drivers of Evolution Small Populations Mutations Gene Flow Natural and Sexual Selection Today’s species descended from more ancient forms of life by structural, behavioral and physiological modifications.

Evidence For Evolution Fossils Embryology Comparative Anatomy Biochemistry (Molecular Similarities) Biogeography Natural Selection (Artificial Selection) Direct Observations

Evidence from Fossils

Evidence from Embryology

Comparative Anatomy

Biochemistry (DNA)

Biogeography

Direct Observations Galapagos Finches Peppered Moths Resistance to Antibiotics

Evidence of Evolution Fossils Embryological Development Comparative Anatomy Biochemistry Biogeography Natural Selection Direct Observations

Evidence from Fossils Fossil: the remains or traces of a once-living organism

F o s s i l s

Other Types of Fossils

Who Dun It? Someone took the last cookie in the cookie jar last night. The last person to leave the scene is the culprit. Who was it? The Cook rides a motorcycle The Butler walks to work The Handyman rides a bike The Nephew & seeing-eye dog The Maid drives a car

Relative Dating (Law of Superposition) The law states that strata (layers) that are younger will be deposited on top of strata that are older, given normal conditions of deposition. Intrusions, earthquake, etc. can alter layers

Zion National Park

Law of Superposition

Relative Dating Oldest Youngest Younger Older

Relative Dating You try on p. 7

Class/homework Evidence of Evolution p. 8

Warm-up 05/07 The following picture represents a fault line. Which soil layer pairs have the same relative age? 3 &10 2 & 9 1 & 8

Agenda 05/07 LT1& LT2 Homework Check p. 8 Evidence of Evolution Absolute Dating Embryology p. 9-10 Comparative Anatomy p.11-14

List the events needed to make the pattern of rock layers shown below in order from first (oldest) to last (youngest). Assume that sedimentary rocks are deposited under water and that erosion happens above water. __________ F C G D E A H B

p. 7 _________ G C A F B 6 H D I 9 E

You and your three friends all have fossils from the top of these three locations. While climbing back down from the top, you notice the fossil types changing as seen in the picture. Which one of you has the oldest fossil? How do you know?

Absolute Dating of Fossils

Absolute Dating (Radio-Metric) •Use half-life to tell how old a fossil is. Half-Life: the amount of time for half the atoms of a radioactive element to decay. Doesn’t matter how many atoms started, half will decay. Clip (RadioCarbon Dating)

Some Half Lives • Carbon-14: 5,730 years • Uranium-235: 704 MY • Potassium-40: 1.3 BY • Uranium-238: 4.5 BY • Rubidium-87: 48.8 BY

Dating Fossils

Evidence of Evolution Fossils Embryological Development Comparative Anatomy Biochemistry Biogeography Natural Selection Direct Observations

Embryological Development Stage 2 Tortoise, Human, Rabbit, Chicken, Fish Stage 3 Tortoise, Human, Rabbit, Chicken, Fish Stage 4 Tortoise, Human, Rabbit, Chicken, Fish

Evidence of Evolution Embryology p.6 In their early stages of development, all vertebrates (chickens, turtles and rats) look similar, providing evidence that they shared a common ancestor.

Embryological development

Homologous Structures

Comparative Anatomy p. 6 Compares anatomical structures of organisms past and present Homologous Structures Shows Common Ancestry Evolution influenced change to become different Analogous Structures Shows Common Adaptations Evolution influenced change to become similar Vestigial Organs Functionless leftover adaptations (from ancestors)

Evidence of Evolution Fossils Embryological Development Comparative Anatomy Homologous Structures

Classwork/Homework Complete pp. 9-14 in packet

Are chimps and humans an example of convergent or divergent evolution? Grasping Fine Dexterity Divergent

Are pandas and humans an example of convergent or divergent evolution? “thumb” function Convergent

Agenda 05/08 Evidence of Evolution Biochemistry Writing Prompt

Evidence of Evolution Fossils Embryological Development Comparative Anatomy Biochemistry Biogeography Natural Selection Direct Observations

Biochemistry p. 6 Molecular Evidence the DNA code links all life on Earth to a common ancestor Transfer genetic material from the cell of one living thing to the cell of another the recipient would follow the new instructions as if they were its own

Biochemistry

Protein Sequence Similarities!

Biochemistry p.15 Cytochrome C in Mitochondria Comparisons Which are most closely related? Which are most distantly related? How can you tell? Number of common sequences of amino acids or number of differences?

Class/Homework Biochemistry p.15 Writing Prompt Describe three following pieces of evidence in support of the Theory of Evolution: fossils natural selection comparative anatomy embryology biochemistry (DNA) biogeography direct observations  Provide an example of each and explain how each supports the theory that organisms change over time.