Biochemistry The Chemical Reactions in Living Organisms Mr. Carter’s Science Class

Etymology Bio= Bio= “living” “living” biology biology antibiotic antibiotic Biochemistry is the study of how chemical reactions drive ALL living processes. Biochemistry is the study of how chemical reactions drive ALL living processes.

The Cell Theory All living things are made of cells All living things are made of cells Cells can only come from other cells. Cells can only come from other cells. Cells replicate and evolve using DNA and RNA. Cells replicate and evolve using DNA and RNA. Cells are made of chemical compounds Cells are made of chemical compounds

All cells are made up of 4 atoms 4 elements make up 99.99% of living things. 4 elements make up 99.99% of living things. Carbon, Carbon, Hydrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Nitrogen CHON! CHON!

All cells are made up of 4 molecules 3 of them are on any nutrition facts panel. 3 of them are on any nutrition facts panel. Fats (lipids) Fats (lipids) Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Proteins Proteins The 4 th are found in all living things. The 4 th are found in all living things. Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

GroupExamplesFunctions CarbohydrateGlucose Cellulose Sucrose Fructose 1.Short term energy source 2.Structure of plants LipidsFats and oils1. Make up membranes 2.Long term energy storage 3.Insulation ProteinsEnzymes Sucrase and lactase Keratin Collagen 1. Organic catalysts 2. Digestive enzymes 3. Structural protein in muscles, hair, and skin Nucleic acidsDNA RNA ATP 1. Information molecule 2.Molecule of heredity 3.Director of metabolism involved in protein synthesis 4.immediate source of energy for cellular work Enzyme is a protein which speeds up the rate of chemical reaction without being destroyed by the reaction. Functions of the Four Major Groups of Organic Molecules

1. Carbohydrates Carbo=carbon C Carbo=carbon C Hydrate=water added H 2 O Hydrate=water added H 2 O Most carbohydrates have roughly this ratio CH 2 O 1:2:1 Most carbohydrates have roughly this ratio CH 2 O 1:2:1 Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Sucrose C 12 H 22 O 11 Sucrose C 12 H 22 O 11

1. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are produced by autotrophs (plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria) through photosynthesis. Carbohydrates are produced by autotrophs (plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria) through photosynthesis. CO 2 + H 2 O + sunlight → C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + sunlight → C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Glucose Glucose

1. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the primary energy source for the majority of living things (us included. Carbohydrates are the primary energy source for the majority of living things (us included. Carbohydrates are also called sugars and often taste sweet. Carbohydrates are also called sugars and often taste sweet. Carbohydrates are water soluble (hydrophillic), they dissolve in water. Carbohydrates are water soluble (hydrophillic), they dissolve in water. Carbohydrates have an “–ose” suffix. Carbohydrates have an “–ose” suffix. Examples: sucrose, fructose, maltose, cellulose Examples: sucrose, fructose, maltose, cellulose

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids Lipo=fat Lipo=fat Also known as fats. Also known as fats. Lipids are mostly long chains of carbon and hydrogen. Lipids are mostly long chains of carbon and hydrogen. Some also have a little oxygen. Some also have a little oxygen. Examples: Examples: Palmitic acid CH 3 (CH 2 ) 14 COOH Palmitic acid CH 3 (CH 2 ) 14 COOH Stearic acid CH 3 (CH 2 ) 16 COOH Stearic acid CH 3 (CH 2 ) 16 COOH

2. Lipids Fats are used to store energy in organisms. Fats are used to store energy in organisms. They contain a lot of energy (8 Cal/g) They contain a lot of energy (8 Cal/g) The human brain is mostly fat. The human brain is mostly fat. The membranes that surround each cell are made of lipids. The membranes that surround each cell are made of lipids. Lipids are Lipids are Hydrophobic(not water soluble) soluble)

2. Lipids Saturated fats have no double bonds in the carbon chain. They are SATURATED in hydrogens. Saturated fats have no double bonds in the carbon chain. They are SATURATED in hydrogens. They are solids at room temperature. They are solids at room temperature. Unsaturated Fats have one or more double bonds in the carbon chain. Because of this, the chain is “bent”. Unsaturated Fats have one or more double bonds in the carbon chain. Because of this, the chain is “bent”. The bent structure of saturated fats prevents them from stacking together, The bent structure of saturated fats prevents them from stacking together, They are liquids at room temperature. They are liquids at room temperature.

3. Nucleic Acids This is the only one of the 4 main organic molecules NOT used for calories. This is the only one of the 4 main organic molecules NOT used for calories. Nucleic acids are found in all living things Nucleic acids are found in all living things Eukaryotes- DNA is found in the nucleus (NUCLEIC acids) Eukaryotes- DNA is found in the nucleus (NUCLEIC acids) Prokaryotes (bacteria)-DNA is floating freely in the cell Prokaryotes (bacteria)-DNA is floating freely in the cell Two Main Nucleic Acids Two Main Nucleic Acids Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Genetic material of cells… DNA and RNA are called NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA and RNA are called NUCLEIC ACIDS They are found in the nucleus of eukaryotes They are found in the nucleus of eukaryotes DNA is made up of repeating molecules called NUCLEOTIDES DNA is made up of repeating molecules called NUCLEOTIDES 1 nucleotide is a MONOMER 1 nucleotide is a MONOMER DNA and RNA are POLYMERS of many nucleotides DNA and RNA are POLYMERS of many nucleotides

A Nucleotide O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) (A, G, C, or T) CH 2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose)

DNA Double Helix P P P O O O P P P O O O G C TA

3. Nucleic Acids Nucleotides are made out of C,H,O,N and P Nucleotides are made out of C,H,O,N and P Nucleic acids have 1 main focus: making proteins. Nucleic acids have 1 main focus: making proteins. Since proteins provide structure and perform most of the tasks in an organism (enzymes guide reactions), proteins make us who we are. Since proteins provide structure and perform most of the tasks in an organism (enzymes guide reactions), proteins make us who we are. Nucleic acids are the recipes for those proteins. Nucleic acids are the recipes for those proteins.

Protein Synthesis In 2 parts In 2 parts Transcription Transcription DNA is the “master blueprint” DNA is the “master blueprint” DNA is “copied” to make mRNA in the nucleus DNA is “copied” to make mRNA in the nucleus Translation Translation RNA is a copy of the DNA that actually makes proteins. RNA is a copy of the DNA that actually makes proteins. mRNA and tRNA make proteins at the ribosomes mRNA and tRNA make proteins at the ribosomes

4. Proteins Proteins are complex polymers that guide the majority of chemical reactions in nature. Proteins are complex polymers that guide the majority of chemical reactions in nature. Amino acids are the monomers of proteins. Amino acids are the monomers of proteins. There are 20 different amino acids that make up all proteins There are 20 different amino acids that make up all proteins All amino acids have an amino group (NH 2 ) All amino acids have an amino group (NH 2 ) Proteins are created from Nucleic Acids Proteins are created from Nucleic Acids Proteins are created in the ribosomes of cells through the process of translation Proteins are created in the ribosomes of cells through the process of translation mRNA is used as the template for making proteins. mRNA is used as the template for making proteins.

4. Proteins Amino acids are the monomers of proteins. Amino acids are the monomers of proteins. There are 20 different amino acids that make up all proteins There are 20 different amino acids that make up all proteins Amino acids have C, H, O, and N in them (and sometimes S) Amino acids have C, H, O, and N in them (and sometimes S)

3. Proteins

4. Proteins Enzymes are a particular type of protein that serve as the catalyst for chemical reactions. Enzymes are a particular type of protein that serve as the catalyst for chemical reactions. “catalyst” means something that makes another thing happen. “catalyst” means something that makes another thing happen. Enzymes are not a reactant or product, they just speed up the reaction. Enzymes are not a reactant or product, they just speed up the reaction.

4. Proteins Each enzyme has a physical shape that only works for one chemical reaction. Each enzyme has a physical shape that only works for one chemical reaction. The reactants fit in a special “grove” and are pushed together so that they react. The reactants fit in a special “grove” and are pushed together so that they react.

4. Proteins Each enzyme has a name that tells you what it does. Each enzyme has a name that tells you what it does. Most enzyme names end in “-ase” Most enzyme names end in “-ase” Examples from the human body: Examples from the human body: Protease: Protease: breaks down protein into amino acids breaks down protein into amino acids Lipase: Lipase: Breaks down fats so they can be digested Breaks down fats so they can be digested Lactase: Lactase: Breaks down lactose, the complex sugar in milk products, so that it can be digested. The production of lactase usually decreases with age. Breaks down lactose, the complex sugar in milk products, so that it can be digested. The production of lactase usually decreases with age. Amylase: Amylase: Breaks down starch (complex carbohydrates) into simple sugars Breaks down starch (complex carbohydrates) into simple sugars

Cal /g PurposeContaining elements Monomer Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids