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 Introduction  Exploring Psychology’s Roots  Theories and Research Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Maximize learning with the 5 steps of the SQ3R method. Survey Question Read Recite Review I/Review II Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Establish a quiet place, free of distractions, where you do nothing but study.  Schedule your study time.  Set specific goals each week.  Take an active role in the learning process.  Sleeping immediately after you study will help you retain more of what you have learned. Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Psychology is a science. the scientific study of behavior and mental processes uses the scientific method to acquire knowledge scientific method: orderly, systematic procedures researchers follow Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Observe and theorize.  Formulate a hypothesis. specific prediction that can be tested empirically with data  Design the study.  Collect data.  Apply results to the hypothesis. Replication of the study is important. Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Basic Research seeks new knowledge advances general scientific understanding  Applied Research solves practical problems improves the quality of life Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Psychology’s roots can be traced to the beginning of recorded history.  Psychology began as a formal academic discipline in the 1800s. Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Considered the “father” of psychology  Studied cultural and social influences on human thought  Established the first psychological laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany, 1879  Developed introspection analysis of basic elements of conscious mental experience Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Edward Bradford Titchener (1867–1927) Studied under Wundt Established a psychological laboratory at Cornell University Named his school of thought “structuralism”  Structuralism Aimed at analyzing the basic elements, or structure, of conscious mental experience Criticized for its primary method, introspection  considered not objective Established psychology as a science Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Functionalism how humans and animals use mental processes to adapt to their environment  William James (1842–1910) main advocate of functionalism clarified definition of mental processes  fluid  have continuity  not the rigid, fixed structures suggested by the Structuralists Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Broadened the scope of psychology study of behavior as well as mental processes  Allowed for the study of children, animals, and the mentally impaired  Focused on more practical uses of psychology encouraged study of educational practices, individual differences, and adaptation in the workplace Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Current Trends More women than men obtain degrees in psychology. Minority representation is growing.  A gap between the proportion of minorities in the US population and the proportion represented in professional psychology persists.  The APA has established a program encouraging minority enrollment in graduate programs in psychology. Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Christine Ladd-Franklin completed her PhD in the mid-1880s at Johns Hopkins  did not receive her degree until 1926 formulated a theory of color vision  Mary Whiton Calkins completed the requirements for a doctorate at Harvard  denied degree due to being female established psychology laboratory at Wellesley College developed paired associates test Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Margaret Floy Washburn received PhD from Cornell University wrote influential books  The Animal Mind (1908)  Movement and Mental Imagery (1916)  Francis Cecil Sumner first African American to earn a PhD in psychology, 1920 chaired psychology department at Howard University Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Albert Sidney Beckham established the first psychological laboratory at a black institution of higher learning, Howard University conducted important studies on intelligence and how it related to occupational fields  Kenneth Clark received national recognition for writings on the harmful effects of racial segregation His writing impacted the Supreme Court rulings that declared national segregation unconstitutional. Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Jorge Sanchez Hispanic-American psychologist studied bias in intelligence testing during the 1930s  Cultural and language differences affect the performance of Hispanic students taking American IQ tests. Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Schools of thought  Perspectives in psychology  Specialties in psychology  Theories in psychology Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Behaviorism  Psychoanalytic Psychology  Humanistic Psychology  Cognitive Psychology  Evolutionary Psychology  Biological Psychology  The Sociocultural Approach Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Named by John Watson  Redefined psychology as “the science of behavior”  Observable, measurable behavior is the only appropriate subject matter.  Environment is the key determinant of behavior.  Most influential school of thought until the 1960s Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Skinner’s Key Points Mind, consciousness, and feelings are neither objective nor measurable.  not appropriate subject matter for psychology operant conditioning  emphasizes the importance of reinforcement in learning, shaping, and maintaining behavior Behavior that is reinforced is likely to be repeated. Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Personality theory developed by Sigmund Freud  Psychoanalysis treatment method for psychological disorders  Psychoanalytic Theory individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior as determined primarily by the unconscious Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Freud’s Followers Jung, Adler, and Horney disagreed with Freud’s emphasis on sexual and aggressive impulses referred to as “neoanalysts” Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Humans have the capacity for choice, growth, and psychological health.  Positive View of Human Nature People are innately good. Humans possess free will. Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Key Contributors:  Abraham Maslow theory of motivation emphasizes hierarchy of needs  Carl Rogers client-centered therapy  Client directs a discussion on his or her own view of the problem.  The therapist’s analysis is less the focus of therapy. Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Grew in response to strict behaviorism  Saw humans as: Not passive recipients pushed and pulled by environmental forces Active participants who seek out experiences, who alter and shape their experiences Using mental processes to transform information in the course of their own cognitive development Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Ideas grew from gestalt psychology and information-processing theory. Gestalt Psychology  The mind interprets events rather than simply reacting to them. Information-Processing Theory  The brain processes information in sequential steps.  similar to a computer’s serial processing Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Investigates: Human behaviors necessary for survival How behaviors adapted in the face of environmental pressures over the course of evolution  Draws heavily on Darwin’s theory Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Often confused with evolutionary psychology Evolutionary psychology focuses on universal traits. Biological psychology focuses on individual differences.  Studies structures of the brain, neurotransmitters, hormones, effects of heredity  Biological psychologists often work in neuroscience. Neuroscience includes biology, biochemistry, and medicine in understanding functions of the nervous system. Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 How background and cultural experiences affect behavior and mental processes  Important to understand these factors when interpreting the behavior of others  Often studied within the broader context of a systems perspective Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Many psychologists take an eclectic position. combination of approaches to explain a particular behavior  Adopting multiple perspectives allows psychologists to: Devise more complex theories and studies Improve treatment strategies Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Clinical Psychologists diagnose and treat mental and behavioral disorders  School Psychologists diagnose and treat learning and behavioral problems interfering with learning  Forensic Psychologists work with issues involving psychology and law  Counseling Psychologists work with adjustment problem that are generally less severe than those handled by clinical psychologists Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Physiological Psychologists study the relationship between physiological processes and behavior  Experimental Psychologists conduct research in memory, sensation, perception, motivation, and emotion  Developmental Psychologists study change throughout the life span  Educational Psychologists specialize in the study of teaching and learning Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Social Psychologists investigate individual feelings, thoughts, and behavior in a social setting—in the presence of others  Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychologists study the relationships between people and their work environments Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Theories help psychologists achieve the goal of prediction. generate testable hypotheses  Theories lead to the development of solutions for real-world problems.  Theories possesses heuristic value. make people think spur curiosity and creativity Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 What Critical Thinking Accomplishes Objectively evaluates claims, propositions, and conclusions Determines whether they follow logically from the evidence presented Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Characteristics of Critical Thought Independent thinking  not automatically accepting and believing what we read or hear Suspension of judgment  gathering relevant and up-to-date information on all sides of an issue before taking a position Willingness to modify or abandon prior judgments  evaluating new evidence, even when it contradicts preexisting beliefs Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 During this Lecture we have discussed: Tips for studying psychology Scientific method Roots of psychology Schools of thought and specialties Thinking about theories and research Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved