AP Biology Review Mr. Brandon Boswell Cypress Bay High School Vista Park Blvd. Weston, FL 33332

Slide 2 of 60 Background  Undergrad: Philosophy & Biochemistry  Masters in Epidemiology  Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapies  HHMI (Howard Hughes Medical Institute) Cohort  Inaugural Fellow University of Florida  Translational Medicine Institute UF   2010 Lemelson MIT-InvenTeam  Led a student team to invent a portable, human powered, UV-based, water filtration device 

Slide 3 of 60 AP - Background  AP Summer Institute (2007, 2008, 2009, & 2012)  Nova SE, BCPS, NCS, and Stanford University  AP Annual Conference (2008 & 2012)  2012 AP Fellow Grant recipient from College Board  Gave AP Biology review at 2012 US DOE National Science Bowl in Washington, DC  AP Biology Test Item Contributor

Slide 4 of 60 D-Day: 5/13/13 Source: Source 2:

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Slide 6 of 60 AP Biology 2012 Source:

Slide 7 of 60 The Exam SectionContentTime 1 Part A: 63 Multiple-Choice Part B: 6 Grid-Ins 90 min. Break Varies 2 Long Free Response = 2 Short Free Response = 6 10 min. = Reading Period 80 min. = Writing Period Source:

Slide 8 of 60 Calculator for AP Biology?  ONLY 4-function calculator (with square root)  May bring up to 2 calculators  Can be used throughout The Exam Source:

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Slide 11 of 60 Section 1  Part A  63 Multiple-Choice  4 answer choices  Understanding and Application  Answer EVERY question  No point penalty for incorrect answers  Part B  6 Grid-In questions  Calculations  Enter answers in a grid on the answer sheet Source:

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Slide 18 of 60 (890 – 200)/2 = 345 OR (880 – 200)/2 = 340 Source:

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Slide 20 of 60 Chi-Square = Sum of [(Observed – Expected)^2 / Expected] If heterozygote x homozygous recessive, then 50% purple (73) & 50% yellow (73) Chi-Square = [(87-73)^2/73] + [(59-73)^2/73] = 5.4 (to the nearest tenth) Source:

Slide 21 of 60 Reading Period (Section II)  10 min.  Questions, No response sheet  Read each Free Response Question (FRQs)  Determine which questions OR parts to answer first  Separate into 3 categories:  Clear  Translucent / Moderate  Unclear Source:

Slide 22 of 60 Section II  Long Free-Response  2 questions  Multipart (3 – 4)  Time: 40 min. (20 min. per question)  Short Free-Response  6 questions  Time: 39 min. (6.5 min. per question) Source:

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Short Free Response 1.How many Short FRQs are on the AP Exam? 1.How long should each Short FRQ take? 2.Which questions will be given to you during the Reading Period?

Short Free Response 1.How many Short FRQs are on the AP Exam? 6 short FRQs 2. How long should each Short FRQ take? About 6 minutes and 30 seconds 3. Which questions will be given to you during the Reading Period? Both the 2 long FRQs and the 6 short FRQs

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Slide 31 of 60 Your Turn  What does each of the 2 Sections of the AP Exam contain?  If you are not sure of an answer to a multiple choice question should you answer it?  How many minutes for each long FRQ?

Slide 32 of 60 Your Turn  What does each of the 2 Sections of the AP Exam contain?  Section 1 = 63 Multiple Choice & 6 Grid-Ins  If you are not sure of an answer to a multiple choice question should you answer it?  Yes, since there is no point deduction for incorrect answers  How many minutes for each long FRQ?  About 20 minutes

Course Content

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Slide 38 of 60 The Four Big Ideas  Big Idea 1 - The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life  Big Idea 2 – Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain homeostasis  Big Idea 3 – Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes  Big Idea 4 – Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties Source:

Slide 39 of 60 Hierarchy of Understanding  Big Ideas (4)  Enduring Understanding (17)  Essential Knowledge (55)  LEARNING OBJECTIVES (149)

Slide 40 of 60 Big Idea 1 - Evolution  Enduring understanding 1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.  Enduring understanding 1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry.  Enduring understanding 1.C: Life continues to evolve within a changing environment.

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Slide 42 of 60 Essential Knowledge 1.A.1  a. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, _______ for limited resources results in differential _______. Individuals with more favorable _______ are more likely to survive and produce more _______, thus passing traits to subsequent generations.  b. Evolutionary fitness is measured by _____ ______.  c. Genetic variation and mutation play roles in natural selection. A diverse gene pool is important for the ________ of a ______ in a changing environment.

Slide 43 of 60 Essential Knowledge 1.A.1  a. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, competition for limited resources results in differential survival. Individuals with more favorable phenotypes are more likely to survive and produce more offspring, thus passing traits to subsequent generations.  b. Evolutionary fitness is measured by reproductive success.  c. Genetic variation and mutation play roles in natural selection. A diverse gene pool is important for the survival of a species in a changing environment.

Slide 44 of 60 Summary  Evolution by natural selection  Are there other mechanisms for evolution?  Setup: Competition for limited resources; only some will win. Those that win have the favorable phenotype (not genotype).  What does this mean in terms of recessive alleles?  Fitness is defined NOT as survival, but as reproductive success (number of viable, fertile offspring produced)  Who has higher fitness your parents or you?

Slide 45 of 60 Essential Knowledge 1.A.1  e. An adaptation is a ______ variation that is favored by selection and is manifested as a trait that provides an _________to an organism in a particular _________.  f. In addition to natural selection, _____ and _____ events can influence the evolutionary process, especially for _____ populations.

Slide 46 of 60 Essential Knowledge 1.A.1  e. An adaptation is a genetic variation that is favored by selection and is manifested as a trait that provides an advantage to an organism in a particular environment.  f. In addition to natural selection, chance and random events can influence the evolutionary process, especially for small populations.

Slide 47 of 60 Summary (Part 2)  Though phenotypes are selected for, evolution is a change in the genetic constitution of a population.  An adaptation MUST be heritable.  Adaptation are NOT static, they change as environmental needs change.  What random events result in evolution?

Slide 48 of 60 Essential Knowledge 1.A.1  g. Conditions for a population or an allele to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are: (1) a large_______ ____, (2) absence of immigration, (3) no net ______, (4) random ______ and (5) absence of ______.  These conditions are ______ met.  Mathematical application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation

Slide 49 of 60 Essential Knowledge 1.A.1  g. Conditions for a population or an allele to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are: (1) a large population size, (2) absence of immigration, (3) no net mutations, (4) random mating and (5) absence of selection.  These conditions are seldom met.  Mathematical application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation

Slide 50 of 60 Learning Objective 1.2  The student is able to evaluate evidence provided by data to qualitatively and quantitatively investigate the role of natural selection in evolution.  Qualitatively – describe how a population is changing  Quantitatively – Use Hardy-Weinberg equations to demonstrate whether the population is evolving

Slide 51 of 60 Learning Objective 1.3  The student is able to apply mathematical methods to data from a real or simulated population to predict what will happen to the population in the future.  Is the population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?  If not, what is occurring?

Laboratory Exercises

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Slide 54 of 60 Overview of Labs  Student-Driven or Student-Directed  My goal: Guided Inquiry  Main drawback: Time Intensive  Overview and recommendations are provided in the “Lab Manual”  Your teacher may choose to do equivalent investigations rather than those in the “Lab Manual”

Slide 55 of 60 Big Idea 1: Evolution  Lab 1: Artificial Selection  Follow a plant population as you select for certain traits  Quantitatively monitor the population phenotypic frequencies  Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling  Computer based quantitative simulation of population evolution or stasis utilizing Hardy-Weinberg equations  Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences  Use NCBI’s BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) to investigate evolutionary relationships between provided genetic sequences

Slide 56 of 60 Big Idea 2  Lab 4 – Diffusion & Osmosis  Surface Area & Cell Size – gelatin & phenolphthalein  Predict relative molarities of colored solutions  Plasmolysis – plant cells in hypertonic solutions

Slide 57 of 60 Big Idea 2  Lab 5 – Photosynthesis  Floating disks & photosynthetic gas production

Slide 58 of 60 Big Idea 2  Lab 6 – Cellular Respiration  Use a microrespirometer, peas (living organism), and measure O 2 consumption under different conditions

Slide 59 of 60 Big Idea 3  Lab 7: Cell Division (Mitosis and Meiosis)  Onion Root tip cells (Chi Square)  Visual investigation of HeLa cells  Soridaria images & Meiosis  Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation  I intend to do the old version, but update the analysis  Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Digest of DNA & Gel Electrophoresis

Slide 60 of 60 Big Idea 4  Lab 10 – Energy Dynamics (I will avoid this one)  Lab 11 – Transpiration (Not on AP Exam?)  Guided Inquiry - Fruit flies & Water bottles  Lab 12 – Animal Behavior  Made for Open inquiry  Lab 13 – Peroxidase (Enzyme) Activity

Appendix

Slide 62 of 60 Big Idea 2 – Molecular Biology  Enduring understanding 2.A: Growth, reproduction and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter.  Enduring understanding 2.B: Growth, reproduction and dynamic homeostasis require that cells create and maintain internal environments that are different from their external environments.  Enduring understanding 2.C: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to regulate growth and reproduction, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.

Slide 63 of 60 Big Idea 2 – Molecular Biology  Enduring understanding 2.D: Growth and dynamic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.  Enduring understanding 2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction and dynamic homeostasis include temporal regulation and coordination.

Slide 64 of 60 Big Idea 3 - Genetics  Enduring understanding 3.A: Heritable information provides for continuity of life.  Enduring understanding 3.B: Expression of genetic information involves cellular and molecular mechanisms.  Enduring understanding 3.C: The processing of genetic information is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.

Slide 65 of 60 Big Idea 3 - Genetics  Enduring understanding 3.D: Cells communicate by generating, transmitting and receiving chemical signals.  Enduring understanding 3.E: Transmission of information results in changes within and between biological systems.

Slide 66 of 60 Big Idea 4 – Biological Systems  Enduring understanding 4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties.  Enduring understanding 4.B: Competition and cooperation are important aspects of biological systems.  Enduring understanding 4.C: Naturally occurring diversity among and between components within biological systems affects interactions with the environment.