Literary Terms We will be using these literary terms throughout the school year. There WILL be literary terms used on your FINAL EXAMS in May!! You need to keep up with your notes. Don’t lose your terms! You might be able to use them – be RESPONSIBLE!!

We will use the following terms: Character AntagonistProtagonist DictionDenotationConnotation ImageryMoodPlot ExpositionRising ActionClimax Falling ActionResolutionConflict FlashbackForeshadowingSuspense Point of ViewSettingStyle ThemeToneFigures of Speech MetaphorSimileOxymoron PersonificationAlliteration

Character A character is a person or an animal that takes part in the action of a literary work.

Antagonist The Antagonist is a character or force in conflict with a main character, or protagonist. The Antagonist is a character or force in conflict with a main character, or protagonist.

Do you know your Antagonists??? On your paper take a few minutes to write down some Antagonists that you can recall from movies, television shows, and video games On your paper take a few minutes to write down some Antagonists that you can recall from movies, television shows, and video games Remember the Antagonist is in conflict with the Protagonist or, main character! Remember the Antagonist is in conflict with the Protagonist or, main character! Helpful hint – you should now know why people use the saying “Don’t antagonize me!” Helpful hint – you should now know why people use the saying “Don’t antagonize me!”

Protagonist The Protagonist is the main character in a literary work The Protagonist is the main character in a literary work Can you name some famous Protagonists that are found in literature? Can you name some famous Protagonists that are found in literature?

Diction Diction is the manner in which we express words; the wording used. Diction is the manner in which we express words; the wording used. Diction = enunciation Diction = enunciation Some easy examples are: Some easy examples are: Don’t say ‘goin’ – say ‘going’, Don’t say ‘wanna’ – say ‘want to’ Don’t say ‘goin’ – say ‘going’, Don’t say ‘wanna’ – say ‘want to’ Eye dialect Eye dialect

Denotation The denotation of a word is its dictionary meaning, independent of other associations that the word may have.

Connotation The connotation of a word is the set of ideas associated with it in addition to its explicit meaning. The connotation of a word can be personal, based on individual experiences. More often, cultural connotations – those recognizable by most people in a group – determine a writer’s word choices.

Denotation versus Connotation Some examples – Cheap is “low in cost” (denotation) but “stingy” or “poorly made” are the connotations of cheap

Let’s use the word HOT The denotation (or dictionary definition – remember d in denotation = dictionary) of HOT is: having a temperature higher than that of a human body. However, when you say “Man! He/She is hot!”, are you saying “Man! He is having a temperature higher than that of a human body!”? No!! You are saying the CONNOTATION of HOT – which could mean a variety of things – man he/she is cute, attractive, beautiful, and many other meanings – those come from personal experiences and cultural meanings, etc.

Imagery Imagery is words or phrases that appeal to one or more of the five senses. Writers use imagery to describe how their subjects look, sound, feel, taste, and smell.

MOOD Mood, or atmosphere, is the feeling created in the reader by a literary work or passage. Writer’s use many devices to create mood, including images, dialogue, setting, and plot. Often, a writer creates a mood at the beginning of a work and then sustains the mood throughout. Sometimes, however, the mood of the work changes dramatically.

Tone Tone is a reflection of a writer’s or speaker’s attitude toward a subject of a poem, story, or other literary work. Tone may be communicated through words and details that express particular emotions and that evoke an emotional response from the reader. For example, word choice or phrasing may seem to convey respect, anger, lightheartedness, or sarcasm.

Plot Plot is the sequence of events. The first event causes the second, the second causes the third, and so forth. In most novels, dramas, short stories, and narrative poems, the plot involves both characters and a central conflict. The plot usually begins with an exposition that introduces the setting, the characters, and the basic situation. This is introduced and developed. The conflict then increases until it reaches a high point of interest or suspense, the climax. The climax is followed by the falling action, or end, of the central conflict. Any events that occur during the falling action make up the resolution.

PLOTLINE Exposition Resolution Rising Action Climax Falling Action Conflict Introduced

Exposition The Exposition is the introduction. It is the part of the work that introduces the characters, setting, and basic situation.

Rising Action Rising Action is the part of the plot that begins to occur as soon as the conflict is introduced. The rising action adds complications to the conflict and increases reader interest.

Climax The Climax is the point of greatest emotional intensity, interest, or suspense in the plot of a narrative. The climax typically comes at the turning point in a story or drama.

Falling Action Falling Action is the action that typically follows the climax and reveals its results.

Resolution The Resolution is the part of the plot that concludes the falling action by revealing or suggesting the outcome of the conflict.

Conflict Conflict is the struggle between opposing forces in a story or play. There are two types of conflict that exist in literature.

External Conflict External conflict exists when a character struggles against some outside force, such as another character, nature, society, or fate. Man vs. Man Man vs. Nature

Internal Conflict Internal conflict exists within the mind of a character who is torn between different courses of action. Man vs. Himself

Flashback A flashback is a literary device in which an earlier episode, conversation, or event is inserted into the sequence of events. Often flashbacks are presented as a memory of the narrator or of another character. En Media Res

The movie Titanic is told almost entirely in a flashback. What are some other films that contain flashback to help tell stories? Holes Willy Wonka Think of some more… Flashback continued…

Foreshadowing Foreshadowing is the author’s use of clues to hint at what might happen later in the story. Writers use foreshadowing to build their readers’ expectations and to create suspense. This is used to help readers prepare for what is to come.

Can you think of an element of foreshadowing?

Suspense Suspense is the growing interest and excitement readers experience while awaiting a climax or resolution in a work of literature. It is a feeling of anxious uncertainty about the outcome of events. Writers create suspense by raising questions in the minds of their readers.

Point of View Point of View is the perspective, or vantage point, from which a story is told. It is the relationship of the narrator to the story. First-person is told by a character who uses the first-person pronoun “I”. Third-person limited point of view is the point of view where the narrator uses third-person pronouns such as “he” and “she” to refer to the characters.

Setting The setting of a literary work is the time and place of the action. The setting includes all the details of a place and time – the year, the time of day, even the weather. The place may be a specific country, state, region, community, neighborhood, building, institution, or home. Details such as dialect, clothing, customs, and modes of transportation are often used to establish setting. In most stories, the setting serves as a backdrop – a context in which the characters interact. The setting of a story often helps to create a particular mood, or feeling.

Style Style is the distinctive way in which an author uses language. Word choice, phrasing, sentence length, tone, dialogue, purpose, and attitude toward the audience and subject can all contribute to an author’s writing style.

Theme The theme of a literary work is its central message, concern, or purpose. A theme can usually be expressed as a generalization, or general statement, about people or life. The theme may be stated directly by the writer although it is more often presented indirectly. When the theme is stated indirectly, the reader must figure out the theme by looking carefully at what the work reveals about the people or about life.

Figures of Speech A figure of speech is a specific device or kind of figurative language, such as hyperbole, metaphor, personification, simile, or understatement. Figurative language is used for descriptive effect, often to imply ideas indirectly. It is not meant to be taken literally. Figurative language is used to state ideas in vivid and imaginative ways.

Metaphor A Metaphor is a type of speech that compares or equates two or more things that have something in common. A metaphor does NOT use like or as. Example: Life is a bowl of cherries.

Simile A Simile is another figure of speech that compares seemingly unlike things. Simile’s DO use the words like or as. Example: Her voice was like nails on a chalkboard.

Oxymoron An Oxymoron is a figure of speech that is a combination of seemingly contradictory words. Examples:Same difference Pretty ugly Roaring silence

Personification Personification is a figure of speech in which an animal, object, force of nature, or idea is given human qualities or characteristics. Example:Tears began to fall from the dark clouds.

Alliteration Alliteration is the repetition of sounds, most often consonant sounds, at the beginning of words. Alliteration gives emphasis to words. Example: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers

Paradox a statement that apparently contradicts itself and yet might be true a statement that apparently contradicts itself and yet might be true a seemingly contradictory statement that may nonetheless be true a seemingly contradictory statement that may nonetheless be true

Epic long narrative poem that relates the great deeds of a larger-than-life hero who embodies the values of a particular society long narrative poem that relates the great deeds of a larger-than-life hero who embodies the values of a particular society

Irony the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect a state of affairs or an event that seems deliberately contrary to what one expects and is often amusing as a result a state of affairs or an event that seems deliberately contrary to what one expects and is often amusing as a result Types of irony………. Types of irony……….

Dramatic Irony in literature, a plot device in which the audience's or reader's knowledge of events or individuals surpasses that of the characters in literature, a plot device in which the audience's or reader's knowledge of events or individuals surpasses that of the characters The audience knows more than the characters The audience knows more than the characters

Situational Irony situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what was expected situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what was expected what happens is the opposite of what was expected what happens is the opposite of what was expected

Verbal Irony a person says or writes one thing and means another, or uses words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of the literal meaning a person says or writes one thing and means another, or uses words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of the literal meaning

Linear Plot Development A Linear plot begins at point A, progresses through events which build towards a climax, and then finally reaching point B. A Linear plot begins at point A, progresses through events which build towards a climax, and then finally reaching point B. The general advantage of a linear plot is you know (most of the time) where to go next, as well as you know it's going to have a beginning and an ending. The general advantage of a linear plot is you know (most of the time) where to go next, as well as you know it's going to have a beginning and an ending.

Non-Linear Plot Development A Non-Linear plot typically presents the audience with multiple paths from point A to point B. A Non-Linear plot typically presents the audience with multiple paths from point A to point B. Does not have to follow chronological order Does not have to follow chronological order Flashback, foreshadowing, etc. Flashback, foreshadowing, etc.

Character Development The process of creating a character's background, physicality, appearance, and personality. The process of creating a character's background, physicality, appearance, and personality.

Dynamic Character someone who undergoes an important, internal change because of the action in the plot someone who undergoes an important, internal change because of the action in the plot Example: Ebenezer Scrooge, from Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol, is a classic example. When we first meet him, he is mean and bitter. By the end of the story, he is generous and grateful. Example: Ebenezer Scrooge, from Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol, is a classic example. When we first meet him, he is mean and bitter. By the end of the story, he is generous and grateful.

Dynamic Character Authors of gripping stories are able to provide colorful characters that can develop and grow throughout the story. These are the dynamic characters. Dynamic characters change in some way. For example, think of your favorite Disney movie - it probably features a character who goes through some change. Let's examine The Lion King. In the beginning, Simba is immature and an easy victim to his uncle's plan for murder and guilt. However, by the end, he is confident and willing to take responsibility for his mistakes. Ultimately, he defeats his uncle and takes his rightful place as king. Simba is a prime example of a dynamic, or changing, character. Authors of gripping stories are able to provide colorful characters that can develop and grow throughout the story. These are the dynamic characters. Dynamic characters change in some way. For example, think of your favorite Disney movie - it probably features a character who goes through some change. Let's examine The Lion King. In the beginning, Simba is immature and an easy victim to his uncle's plan for murder and guilt. However, by the end, he is confident and willing to take responsibility for his mistakes. Ultimately, he defeats his uncle and takes his rightful place as king. Simba is a prime example of a dynamic, or changing, character.

Static Character a literary or dramatic character who undergoes little or no inner change a literary or dramatic character who undergoes little or no inner change a character who does not grow or develop a character who does not grow or develop Example: Static characters are the opposite of dynamic; static characters do not change. The personality of that character when he is introduced is the same personality when the story comes to a close. And all his actions in between stay true to that personality. In The Lion King example, Scar would be a static character. He is evil and self-serving in the beginning, and he keeps those traits until he dies. Example: Static characters are the opposite of dynamic; static characters do not change. The personality of that character when he is introduced is the same personality when the story comes to a close. And all his actions in between stay true to that personality. In The Lion King example, Scar would be a static character. He is evil and self-serving in the beginning, and he keeps those traits until he dies.

Round Character a character in fiction whose personality, background, motives, and other features are fully delineated by the author a character in fiction whose personality, background, motives, and other features are fully delineated by the author a complex literary character with fully developed and dynamic traits a complex literary character with fully developed and dynamic traits Example: Katniss Everdeen Example: Katniss Everdeen Round characters are most like real people. Round characters have depth. When Shrek says 'Ogres are like onions' he means that there's more to them than what you see on the surface. Round characters are like onions too; they have layers. Round characters are most like real people. Round characters have depth. When Shrek says 'Ogres are like onions' he means that there's more to them than what you see on the surface. Round characters are like onions too; they have layers.

Flat Character an easily recognized character type in fiction who may not be fully delineated but is useful in carrying out some narrative purpose of the author an easily recognized character type in fiction who may not be fully delineated but is useful in carrying out some narrative purpose of the author a literary character whose personality can be defined by one or two traits and does not change in the course of the story a literary character whose personality can be defined by one or two traits and does not change in the course of the story Examples: the stingray (teacher) from Finding Nemo, Samwise Gamgee (Sam) from The Lord of the Rings Examples: the stingray (teacher) from Finding Nemo, Samwise Gamgee (Sam) from The Lord of the Rings