1 Flooding in Europe Reference : PESETA

2 Impacts in European coastal areas Impacts in European coastal areas Impact of adaptation Impact of adaptation measures on damage due to sea level rise for a high emission scenario Cost "with" and without ("no") adaptation measures PESETA Model

3 2 – The Kyoto Protocol

4 The Kyoto instruments The Flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol : Emissions trading (regional/company level) of GHG Emissions trading (regional/company level) of GHG (American choice of incentive measures) Clean development mechanism (cdm) Clean development mechanism (cdm) Joint implementation (ji) Joint implementation (ji)

5 GHG Emissions in the World (2004)...

6 GHG Emissions by sector In Europe Reference : EEA, European Commission

7 3 – The European Target Climate Change policies

8 New objectives Cutting greenhouse gases by at least 20% of 1990 levels (30% if other developed countries commit to developed countries commit to comparable cuts) comparable cuts) Increasing use of Renewable (RES) to 20% of total energy production 20% of total energy production (currently ± 8.5%) & 10% of “clean fuels” Cutting Energy consumption by 20% of projected 2020 levels (Energy efficiency)

9 Key measures of European policy 1°) Reduction of the emissions Emissions of a few sectors Emissions of a few sectors ETS System ETS System Sustainable Energies : Sustainable Energies : RES (Renewable Énergies) (and Liberalisation) Energy Efficiency Transports Transports Clean Vehicules Alternatives to the road and sustainable transports Aviation 2°) Communication and Adaptation 3°) International Negociations

10 A key priority for EU 1) SDS : Sustainable development Strategy (2001, reformed in 2006) 2) 6th PAE ( ) : Environment Action Plan (4 priorities including climate change) 3) ECCP : European Climate Change Programme (2000) 4) Climate-Energy Package (January 2007)

11 4 – The European policies of GHG emissions GHG emissionsreduction

12 a) European commitments in Kyoto :  EU 15 : Collective commitment of cutting combined emissions of GHG to 8% below the 1990 level (preindustrial period) during the 1st period of commitment ( ) : Each MS has got its objective (but free allowances)  New Member States : Individual objective : cutting GHG of 6 to 8% None for Cyprus and Malta

13 Objectives by Member State -12.5%United Kingdom 4%Sweden 15%Spain 27%Portugal -6%Netherlands -8%Slovenia-28%Luxembourg -8%Slovak Republic-6.5%Italy -8%Romania13%Ireland -6%Poland25%Greece -8%Lithuania-21%Germany -8%Latvia0%France -6%Hungary0%Finland -8%Estonia-21%Denmark -8%Czech Republic-7.5%Belgium -8%Bulgaria-13%Austria EU member states with individual emissions reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol Contributions of each EU-15 member state to the collective 8% emissions reduction target under the KyotoProtocol

14 Directive « Allowances » of 2003  Came into effect on January 1st 2005  Limiting emissions of CO 2 from installations in Europe (from energy-intensive industrial sectors: ciment, glass, ceramics,..) ciment, glass, ceramics,..)  Each MS must define NAPs (National Allocation Plans) for the period and then (=> settlements and national plafonds)  Companies can use credits from the Kyoto project based mechanisms (CDM & JI) b) The European ETS (Emissions Trading Scheme)

15 c) Reform of the ETS system 1) New objectives to be respected

16 c) Reform of the system 2) ETS => allowance by sector non ETS=> allowance by MS non ETS=> allowance by MS 3) Enlarged to new sectors  Aluminium, ammoniac  Aviation Sector (2006)  Non ETS Sectors : with less emissions (building, agriculture, waste, road transports, small plants)  4) Principle of Allowances by auctioning => Exceptions for Power Sector and => Exceptions for Power Sector and Manufacturing sector Manufacturing sector  5) Objective of a Worlwide Carbon Market

17 Carbon markets in the world

18 Other elements of the debate : Competivity and et mondialisation :  Tax on carbon products  Incentive for green products Integration of maritime transports in the ETS system

19 c) Other regulations for limitation of emissions of GHG Regulations on a few individual GHG : Regulations on a few individual GHG :  1991 : Nitrates Directive on reduction of N 2 O in soils  1996 : Directive for prevention of emissions from industrial and agricultural installations industrial and agricultural installations  1999 : “Landfill Directive” on reductions of methane emissions from landfills emissions from landfills  2001 : NEC Directive (National Emission Ceilings)  2006 : Regulation on regulation of fluorinated GHG Legislation on sustainable Transports Legislation on sustainable Transports Energy Directives Energy Directives

20 Clean vehicules Clean Vehicules Package (1995) : Clean Cars Directive (2000) : Volunteer agreement of car manufacturers on CO 2 e emissions Volunteer agreement of car manufacturers on CO 2 e emissions of new cars : of new cars : => half failure => New legislation (2008) : 130g CO 2 /km on 2012 (obligatory) Euro 5/6 – Directive on emissions from light duty vehicles (light passenger and commercial vehicles) (2008) Directive on heavy-duty vehicules for the use of road infrastructures (in process) Energy taxation Directive (2003) on minimum taxation of mineral oils, coal, natural gas (as motor and heating fuels) and electricity Quality of fuels Directive on quality of petrol and diesel fuels (1998, reformed in 2008)

21 Clean transports schemes White Paper of 2003 (European Transport policy for 2010) : => TEN-T (Motorways of the Sea & Intermodality) since 1994 => MARCO POLO : intermodality (DG TREN) Research projects : (DG RECHERCHE) –on new energies (hydrogene cells for electric vehicules) –CIVITAS : innovative projects for sustainable Urban transport