Chapter 23

 Age of Revolution  Export of W. European institutions (United States and Australia)  Changes that take place in this period ( )  United States  Germany  Alliances

 1770’s-1780’s  American Revolution (1775)  French Revolution (1789)  Reasons for Revolution  Enlightenment thinking (called for religious, economic, technological changes)  Commerce (challenges power of aristocrats, new ways of production)  Population Revolution: population growth after 1730 (control of diseased animals, nutrition)  Hard to gain higher positions, more people in working classes  Expansion of manufacturing  Changes in working class: urban dress, premarital sex increases, parental authority declines, youthful independence Why are people revolting against monarchs in the late 1700s?

 Britain’s colonies rebel in 1775  War for independence  Resistance to taxes and trade controls, restriction of movement to frontier  “No taxation without representation”  Stamp Act: tax on documents and pamphlets  New opportunities in political office, decline of agriculture  New Government  Declaration of Independence  Creation of Army  Reasons for U.S. victory:  Persistence of revolutionaries  Poor decisions by British military  U.S. support from the French  1789: Constitution written  Based on Enlightenment ideas  Three branches of government, checks and balances, protection of liberties, voting rights  One of the most advanced in the world at the time What concepts did the founding fathers take from Enlightenment thinkers?

 1789  Revolutionary ideas in Europe:  Ideological: Enlightenment ideas of limiting power of the Catholic church, aristocracy, monarchy  Middle class wants political role  Peasants want freedom from landlords demands  Reasons for revolution in France  Aristocrats tighten power  Government ineffective  Economic slump First Estate 1% of the Population Clergy of the RCC Second Estate 2% of the Population Rich Nobles Third Estate 97% of the Population Bourgeoisie – Upper Class Workers – Middle Class Peasants – Low Class You should know this. How might France’s trend toward absolutism be contributing to the impending revolution?

 Louis XVI calls meeting to parliament to discuss tax reform, middle class wants to vote with majority, street riots in Paris, King caves, revolution begins  French Revolution:  Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen: proclaims freedom of thought, natural rights  Storming of the Bastille (July 14) becomes symbol of revolution  Peasants seize manorial records abolishing manoralism, giving peasants title to the land  Rule of aristocrats is cut, power of the church is attacked and land seized  Constitution: individual rights, powerful parliament, adult males with property could vote What were the key events leading to the revolution?

What role does propaganda play in the revolution?

  Reforms spark opposition in the name of the church and aristocracy  Monarchs in Britain, Prussia, and Austria were opposed to the Revolution  Radical leaders take over and want to push the revolution forward  Maximilien Robespierre- Leader of radical phase  Inspired by democratic ideas of Rousseau, elected to rev. assemblies, prosecuted king, took leadership of government, put down factions, centralized government  Reign of Terror  Abolish monarchy, use guillotine to behead the king and opponents Why do you think the French Revolution became so violent compared to others? What are the problems unique to France? You should know this.

How is the rest of Europe viewing the revolution?

 “Cult of the Supreme Being” to replace Catholicism  Revolutionary Reforms: (Not all put into practice, some reversed) universal male suffrage, metric system of weights and measures, slavery abolished in French colonies, universal military conscription  Armies gain success and territories (Low Countries, Italy, Germany)  Didn’t do things people would support, convinced he knew their will  Calls for another purge of moderates, but arrested and guillotined  Nationalism: new feelings of loyalty to France develop  National Anthem- worlds first “Come, children of the nation, the day of glory has arrived.” What are the positive outcomes of the “radical phase”? What are the negative outcomes?

How do these pieces of art illustrate POV?

What can you predict about the course of French government from the picture?

 Started by General Napoleon Bonaparte  Reduces parliament to a rubber stamp  Powerful police limit freedom of expression  Gains:  Religious freedom  Equality for men in laws  Secondary schools and universities for training bureaucrats  Desire for Expansion:  Wars against all major powers of Europe and Russia  1812: Holds most of W. Europe or controlled them as satellite nations How did Napoleon use his authority to fix France?

Fall of the French Empire 1812: Attempt to invade Russia fails as French armies died in the cold winter : British alliance crushes the emperor Legacy Conquest spreads revolutionary legislation across Europe (equality under law, attacks on aristocracy, church, guilds) Spread of popular nationalism to Europe and growth of nationalism in France How did Napoleon help the rest of Europe (by being the bad guy)?

 Allies who defeated the French meet at Vienna in 1815 to reach peace settlement and end possibilities of future rebellions  Did not punish France too severely, wanted to restore balance of power in Europe  Gains for Prussia in Germany, Piedmont in Italy  Britain gains colonies  Russia maintains hold over Poland  Keeps Europe stable for half a century  New Political thoughts develop out of Vienna  Conservatism: opposed to revolutionary goals in Europe, wanted to restore Monarchy in France  Liberals: focus on political structure, looked to limit state interference in individual life, urged representation of people in government, constitutional rule, protection of religion, press, assembly, support better education, promote industry  Radicals: accept most liberal demands, but want wider voting rights, outright democracy, social reforms for lower classes  Nationalists: allied with liberals or radicals, urged the importance of national unity and glory You should know this. Why did the Congress of Vienna keep Europe stable for 50 years?

 1820:  Greek Revolution: revolt against Ottoman rule  1830:  France: installed a different king and liberal monarchy  Belgian Revolution: liberal regime, new independence  Other rebellions:  Spain, Italy, Germany  Other Changes:  United States allows universal adult male suffrage (slaves excluded)  Britain: Reform Bill of gives parliamentary vote to most middle- class men  By 1830’s France, Belgium, Britain, US, etc. have solid law making bodies, protection of individual rights, and voting systems What other nations revolted after France? Why does one revolution seem to beget 5 more?