THE CONFEDERATION OF ETHIOPIAN TRADEUNIONS Workplace Survey Result Dissemination workshop BY: Zewdie Shitie Tsegaye December 2003 Pretoria, RSA

Components Aims of this presentation The Problem Methodology and instruments Summery findings

AIMS:At the end participants will be able to Introduce themselves to the Ethiopian realities Foreword constructive inputs through comments and questions and help substantiate of the study any further

The Problem Lack of data related to workplace There has never been a survey conducted focussing on KAP-Gaps at target workplaces

Study objectives Generally the study aims to improve the quality and overall effectiveness of behaviour change communication interventions Better understand the motivations, barriers and benefits perceived by the workforce at target workplaces in terms of HIV/AIDS prevention.

Specifically, Normative beliefs of the workforce regarding HIV/AIDS causation Perceived threat/susceptibility of contracting HIV/AIDS by the workforce Perceived response and self-efficacy Perceived economic and social cost of HIV/AIDS

Methodology : Theoretical Framework The theoretical base for this study is a risk message theory called the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM).

The goal of the model The goal of this model is to channel fear from threatening health risks like HIV infection into a direction that promotes adaptive, self-protective action, and to prevent the fear from promoting maladaptive, inhibiting, self-defeating actions.

EPPM suggests one of the three responses from a campaign First no response would be elicited if people did not feel susceptible Second, danger control responses would emerge if people feel susceptible to severe threats and believed they were able to perform a response that would effectively avert the threats.

Cont’d Third, fear control responses would emerge if people felt susceptible to a severe threat when either they believed they are unable to perform the recommended responses or the response to be ineffective

Cont’d In such a situation people tend to be motivated to control their fear through denial, reactance, or defensive avoidance.

Sample size and study design The study involved a random sample of 344 respondents. Two focus group discussions per workplace,

Cont’d The Survey questionnaire to sample respondents was designed to address respondent's background, demographic issues, literacy issues, HIV and workplace related variables. The variables were measured with five- point likert-type scales

Data Analysis: Standard analytical procedures were followed. Analysis was conducted using the SPSS Program Based group response conclusions and recommendations were made about HIV/AIDS prevention at workplaces

Summary of findings The major health problems reported in respondents' workplaces/localities were typhoid, typhus, HIV/AIDS, malaria, pulmonary tuberculosis, and diarrhea disease, skin infection, hemorrhoids.

Cont’d HIV/AIDS was reported as one of the major problems at Kombolicha Textile and Shebelle Transport Enterprise.

Perceived cause of AIDS Almost all of the respondents knew the HIV virus causes AIDS and that it is transmitted through promiscuity (heterosexual intercourse), sharing sharp instruments, harmful traditional practices and through contaminated blood.

Cont’d The majority of the respondents heard about HIV/AIDS through Radio (67%) and Television(53%), Newspapers/magazines(38%), pamphlets and posters (about 29%) and Health institutions (24%).

Susceptibility Focus group respondents indicated that commercial sex workers, drivers, soldiers, and youth are the most susceptible to HIV infection Considerable proportion of respondents, about 105, reported their perceived susceptibility to HIV infection.

Perceived Severity to Getting HIV/AIDS Perceived Severity to Getting HIV/AIDS was extremely high The majority of the respondents perceived strong negative consequences toward getting HIV/AIDS

Self-Efficacy to prevent HIV/AIDS Infection The self-efficacy survey responses were extremely high for 'able to be monogamous' (96%) and for ‘able to be abstinent' (90%) self-efficacy towards condom uses were somewhat weaker as only 53% of the respondents were of the view that they were able to use condoms

Cont’d about 41% of the respondents were not comfortable with condom use. The negative perceptions were, condoms reduce sexual pleasure, beliefs of breakage during intercourse, reduce faithfulness among partners, and the belief that condoms actually spread HIV /AIDS.

Perceived Response- efficacy Perceived response efficacy to recommended preventive measures monogamy (96%) and abstinence (89%) were believed to be effective strategies to protect against HIV/AIDS infection.

Cont’d Condoms use as preventive measures were thought to be effective only for 55% of respondents. Besides a significant proportion survey respondents (17%) did not know about condoms, and 27% of survey respondents strongly disagreed that condoms are effective in preventing HIV infection.

Cont’d Further more there was a feeling that condoms may push persons towards promiscuity and may also encourage married couples to commit adultery.

Intention to Use HIV/AIDS Prevention Methods much more preference have been observed towards being exclusively monogamous (90%) abstinent (53%) to prevent HIV/AIDS infection about 39% of the respondents intended to use condoms About 43% were against condom use

Barriers to HIV/AIDS Prevention Inconvenience of condom Belief that condoms purposefully crated to disseminate HIV Religion and faith related issues

Best Ways to Disseminate HIV/AIDS Information Dissemination of HIV/AIDS information using IEC/BCC materials at workplaces Emphasis was also given to the, religious organization, health facilities and entertainment programs.

Conclusion The results appears to suggest that most respondents perceive high threat toward HIV/AIDS infection, high self and response efficacy to monogamy but low self and response-efficacy to condom

Recommendation It is critical that workplace interventions shall promote strong self and response- efficacy regarding preventive methods particularly to condom.