The International Humanitarian Community Overview and issues in Civil-Military Coordination MPAT TE-8 – Honolulu, HI July 2005 Sharon McHale Center of Excellence

Objectives Provide overview of the “humanitarian community” Identify selected coordination mechanisms Identify issues in civil-military cooperation

Key components of a humanitarian response Host Nation/Local Authorities Affected Populations Donor Governments/Agencies UN Operational Agencies Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) The Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement

Working Definition –Emergency Management: –“Consists of systems, resources, and activities designed to assist a community in mitigating against, preparing for, responding to and recovering from the effects of all hazards.”* Process –Mitigate hazards –Prepare the community –Respond to emergencies –Recover from disasters * TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY DIVISION OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT Host or Affected Nation - Emergency Management -

Affected Populations Refugees Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) Victims of natural disaster Migrants Who is responsible for them?

Major Donors ECHO: European Community Humanitarian Office JICA: Japanese International Cooperation Agency AusAID: Australian Council for International Aid DfID: UK Department for International Development USAID: United States Agency for International Development CIDA: Canadian International Development Agency Others?

UN System Overview

NGO Types no strict categories – often based on programmatic/regional focus Development –Working for long-term goals and capacity building of host nation institutions Disaster Relief –Attempt actions to be “A-political”…less inclination to “speak out” –Operate on principle that food/relief are “above the battle” Advocacy –Press international community for action on particular issues Indigenous/Grass-roots (National NGOs) –Many are implementing partners for Int’l NGOs during disasters –Knowledge of local situation/actors Human Rights Organizations –Speak out policy: Monitor actions of politicians, military, police, other organizations, etc. Religious Organizations

Sample Humanitarian Funding Donors UN and other International Organizations International NGOs National NGOs “Implementing Partners”

International Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement THREE DISTINCT ENTITIES –International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) –International Federation of the Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) –National Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies

Humanitarian Principles & Values Voluntary IMPARTIALITY: Aid is given regardless of race, creed or nationality NEUTRALITY: Aid will not be used to further a particular political or religious standpoint INDEPENDENCE: Agencies will not act as a tool of a state or policy Humanity Unity Universality

NGO Other Donors ICRC Donor DONOR NGO DONOR NGO NGO NGO UNHCR WFP Red Cross/ Crescent UNICEF Affected Country Requirements THE FOG OF RELIEF: International Relationships During Disasters UN Coordination in support of Host Nation MILITARY FORCES “plug in”

Who’s Coordinating? Civ-Civ: –Internal to national governments –Inter-Donor –Inter Agency/Organization Mil-Mil: –Inter-service coordination –Multi-national Civ-Mil…

Coordinating what? STRATEGIC –Policy, plans, funding OPERATIONAL/TACTICAL –Security –Logistics –Transport –Communications –Information

UN Humanitarian Coordination Headquarters/strategic level: –Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) –Inter Agency Standing Committee (IASC) –Executive Committee on Humanitarian Affairs (ECHA) –UN Integrated Mission Task Force (IMTF) –UN Department of Safety and Security (UN DSS) –UN Development Group (UNDG)

Tools available to UN OCHA 24 hours Duty system Situation reports Donor Meetings Flash Appeals, Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP)/Common Humanitarian Action Plan (CHAP) Emergency Cash Grants Reliefweb: Environmental Emergency Section Register of Disaster Management Capabilities UN Disaster Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC) Team UNDAC Support Modules Int’l Urban Search and Rescue (SAR) Teams On Site Operations Coordination Center (OSOCC) Virtual OSOCC Military & Civil Defense Assets Civil-Military Coordination (CMCoord) CMCoord Capacity Non-food Items (NFI) in Brindisi Warehouse

UN Humanitarian Coordination Country/Mission level: UN Country Team (UNCT) UN Resident/Humanitarian Coordinator (UNDP) Could also be Designated Security Official UN Humanitarian Coordinator (separate) UN Lead Agency

Other tools for coordination Common Services –Humanitarian Information Center (HIC) –UN Joint Logistics Center (UNJLC) –UN Humanitarian Air Service (UNHAS) Standards –The Sphere Project ( –Minimum Operating Security Standards (MOSS) Guidelines –Guidelines for the Use of Military and Civil Defense Assets in Complex Emergencies –Guidelines for Contingency Planning

Basic UN Mission Structure UN Administration Component Humanitarian Component UN Civil Affairs and/or Electoral Component UN Military Observer Component UN Civilian Police Component Deputy SRSG Special Representative of the Secretary-General (SRSG) UN Human Rights Component Multi-National Force MNF National Authorities Humanitarian Operations Center (HOC)

Humanitarian Operations Center The Humanitarian Operations Center (HOC) is a civilian coordination structure, where UN Agencies, non- governmental organizations (NGOs) and other stakeholders can meet to coordinate in support of the host nation. –(Note: The HOC is a generic name of the coordination entity. The actual name of the coordination mechanism will likely change from crisis to crisis). The HOC is a place where consensus on the best course of action is discussed among the various humanitarian actors, and hopefully achieved. While participation in HOC-type structures is IASC mandated for UN Agencies, it is voluntary on the part of the NGO community and other non-UN organizations.

Azuria: Affected Populations 375,000 plus IDPs, mostly concentrated in the South 32,000 Ethiopian Refugees in the Northwest 500,000 drought affected people Djbouti earthquake and Mogadishu flood victims Populations of concern in inaccessible areas

Azuria Coordination Capi tal Cent ral Sout h Humanitarian Operations Centre (HOC) – Djbouti City Regional Coordination areas Sectors: –Capacity Building –Emergency Response –Food Aid –Health –IDPs –Mine Action –Non-Food Items –Protection –Reconstruction –Refugees –Water/Sanitation Capital Central South

Logistics Coordination UN Joint Logistics Centre (UNJLC) –Main JLC Djbouti City –Sub-JLC Boosaaso –Sub-JLC Mogadishu UN Humanitarian Air Service (UNHAS) Each agency has its own logistics capacity. UNJLC is a interagency facility of the UN with a mandate to co-ordinate and optimise the logistics capabilities of humanitarian organisations in large-scale emergencies Roads major challenge (security/degradation), heavily reliant on air ops

Humanitarian Concerns Military “humanitarianism” and erosion of humanitarian principles Shrinking “humanitarian space” –Humanitarian aid as key component to political/military strategy in war on terror

What is “Humanitarian Space” The independence, flexibility, and freedom of action necessary to gain access and provide assistance to beneficiaries in a humanitarian emergency. It is achieved through acceptance of and adherence to the humanitarian principles. Civil Military Coordination is essential for the establishment and protection of humanitarian space in complex emergencies. From OCHA CMCoord course 2003

Who is Coordinating? Internal Civil-Military Relations Civilian Military Domestic International Traditional Focus of Military CIMIC Traditional Focus of Humanitarian Actors International Civil-Military Relations or “UN-CMCoord” UN OCHA Focus From OCHA CMCoord course 2003

Guidelines for the use of Military Civil Defense Assets (MCDA)  Guidelines for the Use of Military-Civil Defense Assets during Natural Disasters (1994)  “The Oslo Guidelines”  Guidelines for the Use of Military-Civil Defense Assets in Complex Emergencies (2003)  Tailored to be country specific  A TOOL FOR THE HUMANITARIAN COMMUNITY IN MAKING DECISIONS ON THE USE OF MILITARY CIVIL DEFENSE ASSETS IN SUPPORT OF THEIR OPERATIONS

 UN MCDA term is used for military or civil-defense assets are under UN control as per the Oslo Guidelines (1994)  Peacetime missions include training and exercises in the region with no hostile intent.  UN commanded peacekeeping operations include missions under the auspices of Chapter VI or VII of the UN Charter.  Other peace operation / peace support missions include a range of tasks undertaken by military forces that are not under UN command, including peacekeeping, peace enforcement, peace building and other so-called peace support operations where forces are deployed under operational parameters that dictate a minimum necessary use of force.  Combat missions are those where the primary purpose of the operation is the defeat of a designated enemy. Basic Military Missions Cooperation CoexistenceCompetitionConflict

 UN MCDA term is used for military or civil-defense assets are under UN control as per the Oslo Guidelines (1994)  Peacetime missions include training and exercises in the region with no hostile intent.  UN commanded peacekeeping operations include missions under the auspices of Chapter VI or VII of the UN Charter.  Other peace operation / peace support missions include a range of tasks undertaken by military forces that are not under UN command, including peacekeeping, peace enforcement, peace building and other so-called peace support operations where forces are deployed under operational parameters that dictate a minimum necessary use of force.  Combat missions are those where the primary purpose of the operation is the defeat of a designated enemy. Basic Military Missions  UN MCDA term is used for military or civil-defense assets are under UN control as per the Oslo Guidelines (1994)  Peacetime missions include training and exercises in the region with no hostile intent.  UN commanded peacekeeping operations include missions under the auspices of Chapter VI or VII of the UN Charter.  Other peace operation / peace support missions include a range of tasks undertaken by military forces that are not under UN command, including peacekeeping, peace enforcement, peace building and other so-called peace support operations where forces are deployed under operational parameters that dictate a minimum necessary use of force.  Combat missions are those where the primary purpose of the operation is the defeat of a designated enemy. MPAT TE-8 Cooperation CoexistenceCompetitionConflict

Types of Military Support Direct Assistance is the face-to-face distribution of goods and services. Indirect Assistance is at least one step removed from the population and involves such activities as transporting relief goods or relief personnel. Infrastructure Support involves providing general services (road repair, airspace management and power generation) that facilitate relief, but are not necessarily visible to or solely for the benefit of the affected population. Guidelines for the Use of Military-Civil Defense Assets in Complex Emergencies (2003) SECURITY, SECURITY, SECURITY

Need for Assistance Local/National Response Military and Civil Defence Assets International Civilian Relief Time Humanitarian Need over Time Information Sharing Task Division Planning Task Division Information Sharing reliefrecovery

CA Non- Coalition Military CFLCC CENTCOM J-4 J-5 LRPE CCC J-2 J-3 J5-CMO J5-CMO CFACC DIRMOBFOR COALITION or UN MILITARY FORCES THE FOG OF RESPONSIBILTY: A Civilian Perspective C7/CIMIC/CMOC CJCMOTF CIVILIAN ORGANIZATIONS “plug in”

QUESTIONS