Chapter 3 Socialization

Socialization Lifelong social experiences by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture Personality – a person’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting Self – a dimension of personality composed of an individual’s self-awareness and self image

Sigmund Freud’s Personality Model Id – the human being’s basic drives Ego – a person’s conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society Superego – the operation of culture within the individual

Jean Piaget – Stages of Cognitive Development 1st stage – sensorimotor – level of human development in which individuals experience the world only through sensory contact 2nd stage – preoperational – individuals first use language and other symbols

Jean Piaget – Stages of Cognitive Development 3rd stage – concrete operational – individuals first perceive causal connections in their surroundings 4th stage – formal operational – individuals think abstractly and critically

George Herbert Mead Mead’s theory on the social self includes: Self develops with social experience Social experience is exchange of symbols Understanding by taking role of other No biological element involved, self is social Stages of self 1st stage – Preparatory stage – children imitate people around them 2nd stage – Play stage – role taking – mentally assuming the perspective of another 3rd stage – Game stage – can consider tasks and relationships simultaneously

Erik Erikson 8 stages of development Stage 1 – Infancy – trust vs. distrust Stage 2 – Toddlerhood – autonomy vs. doubt and shame Stage 3 – Preschool – Initiative vs. guilt Stage 4 – Pre-Adolescence – industriousness vs. inferiority

Erik Erikson Stage 5 – Adolescence – identity vs. confusion Stage 6 – Young Adulthood – intimacy vs. isolation Stage 7 – Middle Adulthood – making a difference vs. self-absorption Stage 8 – Old Age – integrity vs. despair

Charles Horton Cooley Looking glass self – we learn who we are by interacting with others Imagine how we are presenting ourselves Imagine how people are evaluating us Form opinions about ourselves based on our perceptions

Agents of Socialization Family – the most important agent of socialization Peer groups School Media

Forced Socialization Anticipatory socialization – social learning geared toward gaining a desired position Resocialization – altering personality through deliberate control of the environment Total institution – all aspects of a person’s life are under one authority