Copyright © 2007 Heathkit Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved PC Fundamentals Presentation 27 – A Brief History of the Microprocessor

2 Objectives At the end of this presentation, you will be able to:

3 Briefly discuss how the microprocessor has evolved over the years. Discuss ways in which manufacturers have squeezed ever greater processor speed over the years. Discuss the family of Pentium processors from the original Pentium through the Pentium D. Explain the advantage of multi-core processors.

4 The First Microprocessor 4004 by Intel in Designed as the core logic of a calculator. Handled data 4 bits at a time. Ran at 108 KHz transistors. Memory: 640 bytes.

Date Introduced Number of Transistors Int Register Size Data I/O Bus Width Maximum Memory Typical Speed April bits 16 kilobyte 0.2 MHz

Date Introduced Number of Transistors Int Register Size Data I/O Bus Width Maximum Memory Typical Speed April bits 64 kilobyte 2 MHz

Date Introduced Number of Transistors Int Register Size Data I/O Bus Width Maximum Memory Typical Speed June , bits 8-bits 1 Megabyte 8 MHz

8 The 8088 was the MPU used in the first IBM Personal Computer.

Date Introduced Number of Transistors Int Register Size Data I/O Bus Width Maximum Memory Typical Speed May , bits 16 Megabyte 12 MHz

Date Introduced Number of Transistors Int Register Size Data I/O Bus Width Maximum Memory Typical Speed October , bits 4 Gigabytes 20 MHz

11 Math Coprocessors Special circuits designed to perform floating point math. From the 8088 to the 80386, the math coprocessor was a separate Integrated Circuit. This was necessary because the coprocessor was as complicated as the microprocessor itself.

12 Microprocessor and Coprocessor

Date Introduced Number of Transistors Int Register Size Data I/O Bus Width Maximum Memory Typical Speed L1 Internal Cache Math Coprocessor April ,200, bits 4 Gigabytes 66 MHz 8 KB Yes

14 Internal Cache A small memory inside the microprocessor that runs at the same speed as the microprocessor. Also called an L1 cache.

15 Pentium ® Date Introduced Number of Transistors Int Register Size Data I/O Bus Width Maximum Memory Typical Speed L1 Internal Cache Int. Math Coprocessor March ,100, bits 64-bits 4 Gigabytes 100 MHz 2X8 KB Yes

16 Number of clock cycles needed to execute a typical instruction

17 Pentium MMX Date Introduced Number of Transistors Int Register Size Data I/O Bus Width Maximum Memory Typical Speed L1 Internal Cache Math Coprocessor MMX Instructions January , bits 64-bits 4 Gigabytes 200 MHz 2X16 KB Yes

18 The CPU

19 Pin Grid Array (PGA)

20 MPU Socket Lever 20

21 Fan Heat Sink

22 Pentium Pro Date Introduced Number of Transistors Int Register Size Data I/O Bus Width Maximum Memory Typical Speed L1 Internal Cache Math Coprocessor L2 Cache November ,500, bits 64-bits 64 Gigabytes 200 MHz 2X8 KB Yes 256KB

23 ® Pentium Pro ® Micro- processor Micro- processor 256 KB Cache 256 KB Cache

24 Pentium II ® Date Introduced Number of Transistors Int Register Size Data I/O Bus Width Maximum Memory Typical Speed L1 Internal Cache Math Coprocessor L2 Cache May ,500, bits 64-bits 64 Gigabytes 300 MHz 2X16 KB Yes 512KB

25 Pentium II Single Edge Contact (SEC) Cartridge.

26 Pentium II Processor Pentium II Processor Internal View (Front) Cache Memory Cache Memory Cache Memory Cache Memory

27 Internal View (BACK) Cache Memory Cache Memory Cache Memory Cache Memory

28 Pentium II SEC Cartridge Pentium II SEC Cartridge Heat Sink Heat Sink Fan

29 R TM Celeron

30

31 Pentium III ® 0.25 Micron Technology 450 MHz up to 1.13 GHz 1.8V core voltage Dissipates less heat Supports multi-processing SECC package

32 Pentium 4 ® 0.09, 0.13 and 0.18 Micron Technology 1.4 up to 3.8 GHz 1.7V core voltage Processor bus speeds up to 1066 MHz New instructions for graphics and sound Optimized for multithreading FCPGA and µFCPGA packages

33 Pentium D ® Dual Core CPU 0.09 and Micron Technology Up to 3.8 GHz 1.7V core voltage Chip set must support dual-core operation. Performs best with applications written specifically for dual core.

34 Intel Core 2 Offers both dual-core and quad-core versions. Stresses more efficient clock cycle usage rather than raw clock speed. Cache optimized for multi-core and dual-core operation. Faster than Pentium D, but with lower power consumption. Speeds up to about 3 GHz. Front side bus speeds up to 1333 MT/s Top View Bottom View

35 AMD K6-2

36 AMD Processors K6 K6-2 K6-3 Duron Athlon Opteron MHz MHz MHz GHz GHz 3 GHz (Multi-core)

Copyright © 2007 Heathkit Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved PC Fundamentals End