+N OTE ALL NOTES, HOWEVER, ARE CONSIDERD TO BE “ CLAUSE ” +F OR EXAMPLE : “ SECOND - HAND CASES ”; “ SAID TO WEIGHT ”… +T O AVOID DISPUTED, THE TWO SITES TO THE CONTRACT WILL SPECIFY “ CLAUSES ” THAT WOULD BE UNACCEPTABLE. +T HE EXPORTER WILL OFFER THE CARRIER AN “ INDEMNITY ” AS A BRIBE TO ENSURE HAVING CLEAN TRANSPORT DOCUMENTS. +I N SOME COUNTRIES, THAT PAYMENT OF AN “ INDEMNITY ” IS ILLEGAL AND CAN BE PROSECUTED FOR FRAUD.

-W HAT YOU SHOULD KNOW : + THE TYPE OF PACKAGING AND THE SHIPPING GOODS SHOULD BE SPECIFIED AND AGREED BY THE PARTIES. +T HE EXPORTER WILL RECEIVE BILL OF LADING FROM THE CARRIER. +E ACH MODE OF TRANSPORT HAS A CHARACTERISTIC SHIPPING DOCUMENT. +A MARINE BILL OF LADING CAN BE MADE INTO A NEGOTIABLE DOCUMENT. +T HE MARINE BILL OF LADING MUSE BEAR THE NOTATION THAT THE GOODS HAVE BEEN SHIPPED ON BOARD. +T O BE ACCEPTABLE UNDER A LETTER OF CREDIT, ALL SHIPPING DOCUMENTS MUST BE “ CLEAN ” AND FREE OF NOTES ABOUT DEFECTS

-R ISK : +T HE EXPORTER MUST BE ABLE TO DECIDE WHAT KIND OF POLICY OR INSURANCE COVER IS NECESSARY AND WHAT RISKS MUST BE COVERED. +T WO RISKS ARE NORMALLY COVERED BY INSURANCE : THE RISK OF THE GOODS INJURING A THIRD PARTY, AND THE MORE SIGNIFICANT RISK OF LOSS OR DAMAGE. -O WNERSHIP ( TITLE ): +I T IS A COMPLICATED PROBLEM. T HE PROBLEM IS THE POINT WHEN OWNERSHIP OF GOODS PASSES FROM EXPORTER TO BUYER. +T HE CONTRACT HAVE TO SPECIFY THAT : TITLE TO THE GOODS PASSES WITH RISK. -I NSURANCE : +M ARINE INSURANCE IS FIRST FOUND IN I TALY IN THE 1300’ S. +T ODAY, MOST MARINE INSURANCE POLICIES INCLUDE THE T RANSIT C LAUSE WHICH COVERS THE GOODS FROM THE EXPORTER ’ S WAREHOUSE TO THE BUYER ’ S WAREHOUSE.