Expansion.... Empire? Imperialism: Policy by which strong nations extend their economic, political or military control over weaker territories Americans had always been in favor of Continental Expansion Manifest Destiny: expand from Atlantic to Pacific But, Americans had generally rejected “foreign entanglements” Europe, meanwhile, had carved up the world...

From Isolation to Expansion Americans gradually warmed to the idea of “empire” Three factors: 1) Desire for Military Strength 2) Desire for new Markets 3) Belief in Cultural Superiority Spanish – American War becomes a trigger

Becoming a Naval Power Alfred Thayer Mahan, US Navy admiral, writes influential book The Influence of Sea Power on History USA needs strong Navy to maintain position in world By 1900 USA had world's third largest Navy

The United States & Hawaii Hawaii had been an independent kingdom since 1795 Americans had settled there and grew sugarcane & pineapple Unites States built naval base at Pearl Harbor Plantation owners wanted Hawaii annexed so they would not have to pay tariffs & duties on sugar sent to USA

The “Republic” of Hawaii In 1893, Sanford Dole, with help from US Marines, overthrew the government of Queen Lili'uokulani and declared that Hawaii was an independent republic seeking Statehood. President Cleveland refuses recognition, demands Queen be returned to throne McKinley more receptive, Hawaii becomes US Territory 1898

Revolt in Cuba 1895 Jose Marti leads revolt against Spanish rule in Cuba American opinion split. Some favor rebel cause: “Cuba Libre!” Others favor Spain, protect American investments Spain sends General Valeriano Weyler to Cuba he herds population into “concentration camps” so that they cannot aid the rebel cause. Starvation and disease

Yellow Journalism William Randolph Hearst, New York Journal Joseph Pulitzer, New York World Competing for newspaper sales, create sensational headlines Hearst tells illustrator: “You provide the pictures, I'll provide the war”

The United States & Spain The De Lome Letter: McKinley had used diplomacy with Spain and gotten limited self government for Cuba Letter from Spanish Ambassador to government is stolen by Cuban rebel and given to United States Calls McKinley weak and seeking approval from Europe US citizens angry, diplomacy cools off

Remember the Maine! McKinley sent the USS Maine to Havana to evacuate civilians February 15, 1898, the Maine explodes in Havana harbor War fever explodes across the country

The Spanish American War Admiral Dewey and Navy smash Spain in Philippines US troops quickly defeat Spanish in Cuba & Puerto Rico Treaty of Paris, August Spain frees Cuba & gives Guam & Puerto Rico to US. Spain sells Philippines to USA for $20M

USA & Territorial Gains Puerto Rico becomes a US Territory; During War with Spain the US had guaranteed the independence of Cuba 1900, US forced Cuba to amend their new constitution Platt Amendment: -Cuba could not make treaties with foreign powers that would limit its independence or let foreigners use Cuban territory -US reserved right to intervene in Cuba -Cuba could not go into debt -The US could buy or lease Cuban land for naval bases

USA & Philippines Filipinos thought they were gaining independence When they learned the islands were to become US Territory they revolted under the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo 3 years of war, 20,000 Filipinos & 4,000 Americans dead $400 million dollars spent.

America & China Philippines a gateway to markets in Asia China = “Sick Man of Asia”, but a vast potential market Sec. State John Hay issues “Open Door Notes”: called on all nations to respect an open door in China Three Foundations of American Foreign Policy US Economy Depends on Exports US can intervene to keep markets open Closing of an area threatens US Survival

Roosevelt wins Nobel Peace Prize 1904: Japan and Russia competing for control of Korea Japan: surprise attack on Russian fleet at Port Arthur Japan stuns world by defeating Russia on land & sea Roosevelt gets both sides to meet in Portsmouth NH Russia & Japan sign treaty, TR gets Nobel Peace Prize

The Panama Canal US, Britain, France had explored idea of canal from 1800s Different routes proposed: Nicaragua, Panama, Darien French actually begin building in Panama in 1880s led by Ferdinand de Lesseps, builder of Suez Canal

The Panama Canal Engineering problems, disease, corruption cause the French to give up and sell claims to the USA. USA helped Panamanians rebel against Colombia Canal built between 1904 & 1914 Roosevelt, Taft & Wilson all worked to see it completed

The Roosevelt Corollary Since 1823, American Policy in the Western Hemisphere was governed by the Monroe Doctrine Latin American nations start borrowing huge sums from European nations. TR afraid of Intervention The Roosevelt Corollary: The United States will use force to protect its interests in Latin America

Dollar Diplomacy After 1904, the US will intervene in Latin America including sending Marines to Nicaragua in 1911 Taft had American business guarantee Latin American countries payments to European creditors Goal was to keep European nations from gaining control over Latin American countries

Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy Wilson rejected Dollar Diplomacy Wilson believed USA was morally obligated to deny recognition to countries that were oppressive, undemocratic or that were opposed to the USA

Wilson’s Intervention in Mexico Mexico had been ruled for 30 years by Porfirio Diaz Diaz was a military dictator, but friendly to the USA. 1911, peasants and workers under Francisco Madero overthrow Diaz, Madero rules for two years Madero murdered by Colonel Victoriano Huerta Wilson refuses to recognize government of murderers

Wilson’s Intervention in Mexico 1914, incident involving US Sailors on leave in Tampico Wilson sends Marines to occupy Veracruz US & Mexico come close to war Eventually Huerta government collapses & is replaced by Nationalist leader Venustiano Carranza

Rebellion in Mexico Pancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata rebel against Carranza They seek US aid but Wilson recognizes Carranza govt. Villa raids into New Mexico & kills 17 Americans Wilson orders General Pershing & 15,000 troops into Mexico to hunt down Villa. Clashes between US & Mexican armies. Conflict settled as US enters World War I

Results of American Imperialism The US Expanded Markets for Exports and ensured the growth of the American Economy The US built a modern Navy to protect its interests The US Exercised “police power” to ensure that it would remain dominant in Latin Americ