Politics, Security & International Relations O’Connor, Chapter 19

Theories of IR Realism –International realm is anarchic –Machiavelli Neorealism –States do not seek to maximize power, but merely balance it; most powerful states set the action. –Waltz Balance of Power –Theory that states ally themselves with other states to balance the power of threatening states. How do you measure power? –Soft –Hard

Theories of IR Deterrence Theory Clash of Civilizations –Huntington Golden Arches Theory –Friedman Dependency

Theories of IR Hegemonic Stability Theory –International stability requires a single dominant state to enforce the rules (uni- polar). Bipolar –World is divided into two power centers, like during the Cold War Multi-polar –World is divided into many power centers

Theories of IR - Idealism –Placing an emphasis on international law, organization, and the influence of morality and public opinion in the affairs of nations. Characterized IR theory following WWI.

The American Experience Monroe Doctrine 1823 –U.S. will intervene if a European power made unwarranted aggression anywhere in the Western Hemisphere. Pre-Spanish American War –America was mostly Isolationist:

Spanish-American War Cuban Revolution and disagreements w/Spain over Cuba. USS Maine served as a catalyst… –America gained possession of: Cuba, Puerto Rico and Philippines President McKinley –“Isolation is no longer possible or desirable.”

Theodore Roosevelt –Colombia & the Panama Canal –Mediated peace between Japan & Russia –Great “White Fleet” Roosevelt Corollary –1905 U.S. warning to Europe not to use local countries’ debts to breach the Monroe Doctrine.

World War I America joined in 1917 three years after the war began. Why, so long? –America was pro-Ally, but non-interventionist. Collective Security –Agreement by all countries to automatically punish aggressor states. –League of Nations, UN –Based in Idealism

Interwar Years Smoot-Hawley Tariff Neutrality Acts U.S. gradually steps away from neutrality –Lend-Lease –Undeclared German naval war –Freezing of Japanese assets

Post-WWII Marshall Plan Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Cold War NATO –Collective Defense “…an attack on one is an attack on all.”

Diplomacy –Official, political contact among governments Détente United Nations –Sovereignty –Supranational State Department –Embassy –Treaty –Executive Agreement

Current Issues NATO Expansion Spheres of Influence World’s Policeman Neutral Arbiter UN Peacekeeping SALT I Preemption Imperial Overstretch –Theory that powerful nations tends to over- expand and then decline. version.cfm?documentID=1040http:// version.cfm?documentID= version.cfm?documentID=1041http:// version.cfm?documentID=1041

Foreign Policy Today Internationalism Neo-Isolationism Neo-Conservatism Issues and Priorities –Foreign Aid to 3 rd world –Drug trade –Energy and OPEC –Free Trade/Protectionism –Democracy –Should public opinion be consulted in pursuing foreign policy? press.org/reports/display.php3?PageID=795http://people- press.org/reports/display.php3?PageID=795