Criminal Justice Intro to Security, Instructor Name Date, Semester Chapter 2: THREATS TO SAFETY AND SECURITY

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Introduction A materialized threat can emanate either intentionally or unintentionally from human action or from a natural cause.

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Accidents An unfortunate event caused unintentionally by a human agent. A majority of accidents result from carelessness or failure to have or enforce safety rules.

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Human Error Losses may occur mistakenly and unintentionally through human error. Example: Inventory shrinkage (loss of assets) in a retail store may be the result of poor record keeping.

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Threat From Fire Approaches to fire safety include: Prevention Fire protection & suppression

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Components of Fire Triangle Heat Fuel Oxygen

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Products of Combustion Flame Heat Smoke Invisible toxic gases

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Classifications of Fire Class A Ordinary combustibles such as paper and wood Class B Flammable liquids such as gasoline Class C Electrical Class D Combustible metals

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Natural Disasters Any sudden, extraordinary misfortune in nature: Earthquakes Tornadoes Hurricanes Forest fires Floods Storms Extreme temperatures Tsunamis

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Environmental Disasters Caused by the impact of human action on the natural environment, and includes: Exposure to hazardous materials Conventional and nuclear power failures Gas line breaks Water main breaks

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Civil Liability May occur when a person is harmed or injured through the action or inaction of another. Juries assign punitive damages to punish the respondent in a lawsuit. Compensatory damages are assigned to compensate the petitioner for actual losses.

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Strict Liability Attaches to an incident even though an individual is not at fault or did not intend any harm. No negligence required. Example: When use of explosives causes harm in spite of utmost care taken

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Vicarious Liability Organizations or third parties may be held liable for the actions of others with whom they have a legal or employment relationship. Example: Employers liable for actions of employees

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Substance Abuse Refers to the inappropriate ingestion of toxic or controlled substances to the human body. A majority of drug addicts in the U.S. may be employed full-time.

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Substance Abuse (cont.) Public substance abuse prevention and treatment strategies: Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) Law enforcement’s emphasis on drug law enforcement and interdiction

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Substance Abuse (cont.) Private prevention/treatment strategies: Prevention and treatment programs sponsored by healthcare organizations Private rehabilitation facilities Employer-sponsored employee assistance programs

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Untreated Mental Disorder A mental disorder (mental illness) is a psychological pattern that is generally associated with a defect or disease of the individual’s mind. An untreated mental disorder may pose a threat to safety and security.

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Civil Disorder Occurs when an individual or group disrupts the normal peace and tranquility of a community or the operations of a business organization. The perpetrator’s activities may be legal or illegal.

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Crime Although a majority of security personnel time is likely spent dealing with non-criminal matters, crime prevention and the detection of criminal activity are major security concerns. All types of crime are potential threats.

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Security personnel most often deal with the prevention and detection of: Theft (larceny) Burglary Trespassing Vandalism Embezzlement Computer crime Substance abuse Assault Robbery Fraud Economic crime

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Scope of Crime Uniform Crime Report (UCR) Crime statistics included in the UCR are supplied to the FBI voluntarily by law enforcement agencies. The agencies supply information based on crimes observed and victim/witness reports.

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Crime Part I of the UCR (Index Crimes): Murder Forcible rape Robbery Aggravated assault Burglary Larceny (theft) Auto theft Arson

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Crime (cont.) The crime rate increased in the 1960s, reached a peak in 1980, and began a slow decline in Many experts predict that the crime rate will rise in the future.

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Crime (cont.) A major criticism of the UCR: –Not all crime is reported Victimization surveys are more accurate. Reasons for not reporting: –Nothing could be done –Incident not serious –Fear of reprisal

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Crime (cont.) National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) – more accurate than UCR National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) –Group A: 22 offenses –Group B: 11 offenses

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Economic Crime Violation of criminal law designed to bring financial reward to the offender.

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Economic Crime (cont.) Most prevalent economic crimes involve some form of fraud: Investment fraud Warranty fraud Telemarketing fraud Workers compensation fraud Internet fraud Computer hacking

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Economic Crime (cont.) Fraudulent checks Credit card scams Fraudulent loans Embezzlement Padding expense accounts Lost production White-collar crime Identity theft

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Organized Crime Any relatively permanent group of individuals that systematically engages in illegal activities and provides illegal services Economic gain is primary goal Legitimate business conceals illegal activity

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Street Crime Listed in Part 1 of the UCR Young men tend to commit most of the crime in the streets.

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Terrorism Broadly speaking, terrorism involves the use of violence or threats to intimidate or coerce.

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Victimless Crime Participants enter into the activity voluntarily: Illegal gambling Pornography Drug use Illicit sexual behavior Public drunkenness Disorderly conduct Vagrancy

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Workplace Violence May stem from an employment relationship, unsafe working conditions, or a relationship that exists outside the workplace.

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Domestic Violence Domestic violence is a crime committed against an adult or fully emancipated minor. Victims may include a present or former spouse, a cohabitant who is not an ordinary roommate, persons in dating or same-sex relationships, or a person with whom the perpetrator has had a child.

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Theories of Crime Causation Theories of crime causation have emphasized numerous causes including perpetrators’: Ego state Personality disorders External forces Physiological factors Other factors

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Theories of Crime Causation (cont.) In the final analysis, most crime is probably multi- causal. Crime prevention strategies include education, treatment, diversion, rehabilitation, and deterrence through law enforcement and security.

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Crime Prevention Strategies Crime prevention strategies include: Education Treatment Diversion Rehabilitation Deterrence Prevention of crime in organizations involves comprehensive loss prevention and asset protection tools, policies, and procedures.