Security Management Practices General overview of good security management processes. Introduces topics used in several other sections

Overview  Basic Security Concepts  Policies, Standards, Guidelines, & Procedures  Roles played in security management  Security Awareness  Risk Management  Data & Information Classification

Concepts  C.I.A. - Confidentiality, Integrity, & Availability  Identification, Authentication, Accountability, Authorization, Privacy  Objective of Security Controls: reduce likelihood & impact of threats

Systems Security Lifecycle 1.Initiation 2.Development/Acquisition 3.Implementation 4.Operation/maintenance 5.Disposal

3 Primary Tenants of InfoSec Confidentiality Integrity Availability

Personnel Concepts  Identification  Authentication  Accountability  Authorization  Privacy

System Concepts  Assume external systems are insecure  Examine the trade-offs (nothing is free)  Use Layered Security (greater work factor)  Minimize the system elements that are “trusted”  Isolate public accessed systems  Authenticate both users & processes  Use Unique Identities to ensure accountability  Implement least privilege

TOA: Trade-off Analysis  Define the objective (in writing)  Identify alternatives (courses of action)  Compare alternatives  Realize that there are no perfectly secure systems in opperation

Security Controls  Objective: reduce vulnerabilities & minimize the effect of an attack Attack likelihood Attack cost Attack countermeasures  Deterrent controls  Corrective Controls  Detective Controls

Simple Threat Matrix likelihood of an attack impact 0,0 A B C

Information Classification  Why classify data & information  Concepts  Classification Terms Governmental Private Sector  Criteria  Roles used in the classification process

Roles…  Owner Who gets the blame level of classification, review of protection, delegation to custodian,  Custodian Actual day-to-day, backups, verify backups, restoration, policy maintenance  User Operating procedures, user account management, detecting unauthorized/Illicit activity Termination

Implementation 1.Policy: 1.senior management (demonstration of commitment 2.general organizational 3.Policy: Functional 2.Implementation 1.Standards -- Baselines 2.Guidelines 3.Procedures

Risk management  Risk can never be totally eliminated  Primary purpose 1.Identification of risks 2.Cost / benefit analysis  Benefits 1.Creates clear cost-to-value 2.Helps analysis process 3.Helps design and creation

Terms  Asset  Threat  Vulnerability  Safeguard  Exposure Factor (EF)  Single Loss Expectancy (SLE)  Annualized Rate of Occurrence (ARO)  Annualized Loss Expectancy (ALE)

Attacks  Criminal Fraud-prolific on the Internet Destructive, Intellectual Property Identity Theft, Brand Theft  Privacy: less and less available people do not own their own data Surveillance, Databases, Traffic Analysis Echelon, Carnivore  Publicity & Denial of Service  Legal

Brief Risk Analysis Overview  Quantitative vs Qualitative  Steps Potential losses Potential threats  Asset valuation  Safeguard selection  Remedies

Risk Analysis “The identification and evaluation of the most likely permutation of assets, known and anticipated vulnerabilities, and known and anticipated types of attackers.”

Assets  What are you trying to Protect  Why is it being protected  Risk for other systems on network  Data Tampering vs. Stealing Liability

Attackers  Categorize by Objective, Access, Resources, Expertise, and Risk  Hackers: Galileo, Marie Curie  Lone Criminals, Insiders, Espionage, Press, Organized Crime, Terrorists

Motives Business competitors  Same motives as “real-life” criminals  Financial motives Credit cards The Cuckcoo’s Egg  Political motives  Personal / psychological motives

Motives  Honeypot “to learn tools tactics and motives of blackhat community” Honeypot  Script Kiddies Canned Exploits of Perl or Shell scripts Still major threat  Knowing motives helps predict attack  Degrees of motivation Automated tools Hardened systems vs Easy Kills

Steps in an Attack 1.Identify Target & collect Information 2.Find vulnerability in target 3.Gain appropriate access to target 4.Perform the attack 5.Complete attack, remove evidence, ensure future access

After you get root 1.Remove traces of root compromise 2.Gather information about system 3.Make sure you can get back in 4.Disable or patch vulnerability

Vulnerability Landscape  Physical World Laptops  Virtual World  Trust Model  System Life cycled

Vulnerabilities  Only potential until someone figures out how to exploit  Need to identify and address Those applicable & which must mitigated now Are likely to apply & must be planned against Seem unlikely and/or are easy to mitagate

Attack Trees (Bruce Schneier)  Visual Representation of attacks against any given target  Attack goal is root  Attack subgoals are leaf nodes For each leaf determine subgoals necessary to achieve And cost to achieve penetration using different types of attackers

Attack Tree Example Steal Customer Data Obtain Backup Media Burfglarize Office (Cost $10,000) Intercept Bribe Admin at ISP ($5,000) Hack remote users home system ($1,000) Hack SMTP Gateway ($2000) Hack into Server

Defenses  Three general means of mitigating attack risk Reducing asset value to attacker Mitigating specific vulnerabilities  Software patches  Defensive Coding Neutralizing or preventing attacks  Access control mechanisms  Distinguish between trusted & untrusted users

Security  Security is a process not a Product  Weakest link in the process  Examples of Threat Modeling in Secrets & Lies chapter 19

Security Awareness  People are often the weakest link  Benefits: Awareness of need to protect the system Skill & knowledge improvement More in-depth knowledge  Be careful of over training Constant barrage == ignored Too much knowledge of how the system works

References  Cohen, Fred “A Preliminary Classification Scheme for Information Security Threats, Attacks, and Defenses; A Cause and Effect Model; and Some Analysis Based on that Model.” Sandia National Laboratories, Sept 1998 ( effect.html) effect.html  Bauer, Michael E. “Building Secure Servers with Linux.” O’Reilly, 2003