Study Guide- Gene Technology 1.a. Inbreeding: Breeding of an organism with the same characteristics. Causes genetic disorders. b. Hybridization: Crossing dissimilar organisms to get different characteristics from both species. c.Genetic engineering: manipulating the genetic material by changing the genome and the characteristics of the individual. d.Recombinant DNA: The combination of DNA from two or more animals. Ex. Liger, bacteria that makes human insulin.

e.Transgenic organism: genes from different organisms and species. Ex. Bacteria with human genes, corn with BT toxic genome. Organism with recombinant DNA. f. Bio fingerprint: used to determine if two examples are the same. VNTR sequences, each individual has their own set. g. Vector: organisms that can replicate themselves. Give rise to clones. ex. Surrogate sheep of the clone.

2. Restriction enzymes: proteins that recognize specific sequences in DNA and can cut the DNA. Biological scissors. Used to make recombinant DNA. 3. Process of PCR: 1. Add DNA sample, DNA polymerase, primers, and free nucleotides. Heat the sample to separate DNA. 2.Cool the sample down and add primers to the template. 3. DNA polymerase attaches to primers and adds free nucleotides to make a new strand of DNA. 4. Two new strands are made and repeat the process.

4. The heat will act like helicase and separates the strand of DNA. 5. Primers are an area of DNA polymerase to attach to the template strand. 6. Genome: all of an individual’s genetic information. 7. Gel electrophoresis: 1.DNA strands are cut up 2. DNA samples get added to chamber wells. 3. Electric current is run through the gel for a specific amount of time. 4. DNA probes or dyes are added to the gel and results are analyzed.

9. Organize in two ways, size and charge (negative or positive) 10. The size and charge determines how far the DNA can travel through the gel. The smaller the DNA segment and faster and farther it can travel down the gel 11. VNTR sequences are important for identification because each individual has their own sequence that is specific and unique to them 12. Steps to cloning: 1. egg cells are extracted from one organism and the nucleus is removed. Cells from the desired organism are removed. 2. Desired organisms cell is fused to egg cell using electric shock. 3. Developing embryo is implanted into a vector for birth

13. The nucleus of the cell needs to be removed from the egg because the DNA we want to be cloned will be fused in later. We do not want the DNA from the organism donating the egg cell 14. Vaccination results in organisms creating an immunity to a pathogen response. Antibodies are created and the body is prepared for infection. 15. GM foods are produces by inserting genes from other organisms into the animal or plant’s genome to enhance their characteristics.