Think of time that you have been exceptionally motivated O What was the context of the behavior? O Think of as many details as possible… O Why were you so motivated at this time?

Think of a time when you were exceptionally unmotivated O What was the context of this behavior? O Think of as many details as possible… O Why were you so unmotivated? O What could have made you more likely to be motivated?

O Complete 8A-2 Hope Scale

Five theories O 1) Hedonic principle: experience pleasure/avoid pain O Very Freudian/psycho analytic O Thanatos/Eros

Five Theories O 2) Instinct Theory— evolutionary/innat e behavior O Rooting instinct

Five theories O 3) Drive Theory –we are motivated to reduce a drive to return to homeostasis...i.e., food, sex, temperature O Hull’s drive reduction theory O What is NOT explained by this theory?

O Watching sad movies O Climbing mountains O Attending college O Read books O Etc... O 8A-3

Five Theories O 4) Arousal Theory— we are driven to experience stimulation—even if we are not hungry, have no desire to mate, and are perfectly physiologically content....we still do stuff.

Five theories O 5) Humanistic Theory: humans strive to obtain self-actualization O Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs O 8A-5

Sports Psychology 5 Key Elements for increased performance

1) Goal Setting O Why? O DIRECTION O FEEDBACK O SUPPORT O Why NOT? O Fear of Failure O Handout 8A-13 O Results in a change in behavior O Training is more productive O Competitive behavior is more focused O Preparation becomes more focused

Relaxation O Anxiety often interferes with performance O Focus negative thoughts toward something else O Preserves energy O Methods: biofeedback, diaphragmatic breathing, mindfulness, meditation, progressive muscle relaxation.

Self-talk O We have a tendency to have negative, unhealthy thought patterns O Self-talk is used to reframe situations

Imagery O Vivid recall of the positive O Remembering mistakes and correcting them with imagination O Counting in your head to regain focus

Concentration O Do nothing for 1 minute… O Preventing distractions O Directs attention to task

Cognitive Factors in Motivation 1) Expectations 2) Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation 3) Locus of Control a) Explanatory behaviors b) Learned Helplessness

Power of Expectations O How do expectations of myself and other impact my motivation to achieve a goal? O Reading: “What you expect is what you get” O How can you apply scientific findings to your own experience? O What are the main ideas in psychological research?

Instrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation O Instrinsic O Internal O Motivated by personal rewards O "Practice“ "Practice“ O 10,000 hours excerpt O Extrinsic O Motivated by external factors O i.e., grades, trophies, recognition, titles, etc…

Locus of Control O Internal O Reading: 40 Studies O Sense of personal action O Have the capacity to influence events O External O Sense of helplessness O Good things are not tied to behavior O Pawns of fate O Believe in ability to influence events

Explanatory Behaviors O ANSIE SCALE O Global/Specific O Stable/Unstable O Internal/External

Learned Helplessness O 40 Study—Seligman