Exp Ⅴ 1. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA) 2

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Exp Ⅴ 1. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA) 2 Exp Ⅴ 1. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA) 2. Complement fixation test (CFT) 在上面两次试验中,应用抗原抗体特异性结合反应的原理,进行了凝集反应、沉淀反应的等经典的血清学反应。 然而,这些实验在结果分析时,常常采用肉眼观察的方法,进行定性、半定量的检测,存在主观因素的影响,而且难以进行微量抗原、抗体的检测。因此,人们希望引入其他的技术,在不影响抗原抗体反应的前提下,提高检测的灵敏度和准确性。 免疫标记技术的兴起,使得这种想法得以实现。 随着分子生物学、细胞生物学、基础免疫学和免疫化学等学科的进展以及应用现代高新技术建立的仪器分析日趋发展,免疫标记技术也不断完善和更新。各种新技术和新方法不断涌现,至今已发展成为一类检测微量和超微量生物活性物质的免疫生物化学分析技术。在医学和其他生物学科的研究领域及临床检验中应用十分广泛。

1. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Immunological labeling techniques Definition: Ag-Ab reactions are combined with labeling techniques. Known Ag or Ab is labeled with radioisotope, enzyme or fluorescein and unknown Ab or Ag are indirectly detected by labeled molecules. Classification: Radioimmunoassay(RIA): 131I,32P Immunofluorescence technique: FITC,PE Enzyme Immunoassay: HRP,AP 前面所讲述的凝集反应、沉淀反应以及今天要进行的补体结合反应均属于经典抗原抗体反应的范畴,这些反应的原理非常简单,就是抗原抗体的特异性结合,反应结果可以通过肉眼来直接观察凝集团块、沉淀线或者溶血现象。然而,这些经典方法的缺点是对于所检测抗原抗体的浓度要求比较高,敏感性较低,当抗原抗体量较低时,很难出现肉眼可见的上述现象。此外,用肉眼观察结果具有一定的主观性,不同的观测者可能判定的结果不一致,比如试管凝集反应凝集程度的判定。 因此,需要一种辅助性手段来提高抗原抗体反应的敏感度和标准化,免疫标记技术的发明解决了这一问题。

Immunological labeling techniques Direct labeling techniques: Each Ag or Ab Indirect labeling techniques: Secondary Ab

Isotype of antibody: Mouse IgG1 Immunize Rabbit Rabbit anti-mouse IgG1 Secondary Ab

Immunofluorescence technique:

Enzyme ImmunoAssay (EIA) Ag-Ab reactions with enzyme-labeled Ag or Ab. horseradish peroxidase (HRP),alkaline phosphatase (AP) Characteristics: High specificity: Ag-Ab reaction High sensitivity: enzyme catalytic reaction (pg level) Qulitative or quantitative assay: Color change or OD value Classification: ELISA: Soluble Ag or Ab Immunochemistry: Ag in tissues or in the surface of cells 酶反应的最大特点是:高效性,一个酶分子可以结合多个底物分子,发挥酶解作用。因此,将酶连接在实验所需的抗体中,可以对抗原抗体反应有一种放大的效应,具有高灵敏度的特点

Immunohistochemistry

Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) 1.Definition: Unknown Ab or Ag in blood or culture medium are detected by enzyme-labeled Ag or Ab. 2.Classification: Indirect ELISA: Known Ag, enzyme-labeled secondary Ab Unknown Ab Sandwich ELISA: Known Ab, enzyme-labeled Ab Unknown, soluble Ag Competitive ELISA: Known Ab or Ag, enzyme-labeled Ab or Ag Unknown Ag or Ab 酶联免疫吸附试验属于免疫酶技术的一种 根据标记对象和检测对象的不同,可以分为多种类型,以其中一种来介绍这种方法的基本原理i: 首先以已知抗原包被酶标板,吸附一定时间后,洗涤未结合的可溶性抗原成分。 在吸附有抗原的酶标板中,加入待测血清,孵育一定时间,使待测血清中的特异性抗体与包被抗原充分反应、结合,之后充分洗涤未与抗原结合的游离抗体成分。 在吸附有抗原抗体复合物的酶标板中,加入针对待测抗体来源种属的酶标二抗(即若待测血清来自人,那么应加入抗人的二抗。免疫球蛋白的免疫原性可以分为同种型、同种异型和独特型,其中同种型抗原决定簇存在于CH和CL区,因此,以某一种属的IgG免疫另一种属,可以获得针对该种属所有IgG的特异性结合的抗体,由于是针对抗体的抗体,将其称之为二抗。在这个试验当中,正是利用二抗的这一特点,用于最后的酶反应显色,因为这样就可以同一种属的同一类抗体制备一个酶标二抗,这一二抗可以用于来自该种属所有同类抗体的检测。 酶标二抗吸附一定时间后,充分洗涤,去除未结合成分。 加入标记酶的相应底物,孵育一定时间后显色。

Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) 3. Principles (Indirect ELISA for example): 酶联免疫吸附试验属于免疫酶技术的一种 根据标记对象和检测对象的不同,可以分为多种类型,以其中一种来介绍这种方法的基本原理i: 首先以已知抗原包被酶标板,吸附一定时间后,洗涤未结合的可溶性抗原成分。 在吸附有抗原的酶标板中,加入待测血清,孵育一定时间,使待测血清中的特异性抗体与包被抗原充分反应、结合,之后充分洗涤未与抗原结合的游离抗体成分。 在吸附有抗原抗体复合物的酶标板中,加入针对待测抗体来源种属的酶标二抗(即若待测血清来自人,那么应加入抗人的二抗。免疫球蛋白的免疫原性可以分为同种型、同种异型和独特型,其中同种型抗原决定簇存在于CH和CL区,因此,以某一种属的IgG免疫另一种属,可以获得针对该种属所有IgG的特异性结合的抗体,由于是针对抗体的抗体,将其称之为二抗。在这个试验当中,正是利用二抗的这一特点,用于最后的酶反应显色,因为这样就可以同一种属的同一类抗体制备一个酶标二抗,这一二抗可以用于来自该种属所有同类抗体的检测。 酶标二抗吸附一定时间后,充分洗涤,去除未结合成分。 加入标记酶的相应底物,孵育一定时间后显色。

Experiment: Assay of hemolysin by Indirect ELISA ——Qualitative assay

Materials: Defribinated SRBC —— Ag Rabbit anti-SRBC Ab(hemolysin) —— Primary Ab HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG —— Secondary Ab Coating buffer:0.05M pH9.6 bicarbonate buffer Washing buffer:0.01M PBS(pH7.4) containing 0.05% Tween 20 Substrate buffer: pH5.0 phosphate-citrate buffer solution Substrate solution:OPD 10mg,Substrate buffer 25ml,30% H2O2 40μL Microwell plate

Methods 1. Preparation of Ag: 2. Coating Ag: Defibrated SRBC Add 3mL N.S and mix 1. Preparation of Ag: 2000rpm,5min Add 3mL N.S and mix 2000rpm,5min Take 2mL packed SRBC Add 2mL DDW and shatter RBC Dilute with coating buffer in a ratio of 1:400 Add 100μL of Ag to each well of ELISA plate 2. Coating Ag: 4℃,in a humidified box, 18h

Methods 3. Add test serum 4. Add secondary Ab 5. Showing color Discard the Ag solution in ELISA plate(4wells/group) Wash the plate 3 times(3min each time) 3. Add test serum 1 2 3 4 Sign and add 100μL of solution to each well Blank Negative Positive Test 37℃ for 45min in a humidified box Discard the solution in ELISA plate 4. Add secondary Ab Wash the plate 3 times(3min each time) Add 100μL of HRP-labeled secondary Ab to each well 37℃ for 30min in a humidified box 每组4孔 Discard the solution in ELISA plate 5. Showing color Wash the plate 3 times(3min each time) Add 100μL of substrate solution to each well Show color in dark for10min 6. Observe the result

Positive:yellow Negative:blank Anticipated results 1 2 3 4 Neg Neg Pos 1 2 3 4 Neg Neg Pos Pos

Attentions Wash thoroughly and avoid cross-contamination Add samples in turn and no bubbles in the bottom of the wells Coating and incubation should be performed in humidified box

2. Complement fixation Test (CFT)

Complement fixation reaction: Definition Complement fixation reaction: Ag-Ab reaction in the presence of complement and with SRBC and hemolysin (anti-SRBC Ab) as an indicator system.

Principle Two systems, five components in CFT: Test system: known Ag or Ab, unknown Ab or Ag and quantitative complement. Indicator system: SRBC and hemolysin

Formation of Ag-Ab complex Complement fixation and exhaustion Ag+Unknown serum Complement SRBC+hemolysin 1 2 1 2 1 2 Step 1 Formation of Ag-Ab complex Step 2 Complement fixation and exhaustion Step 3 Lysis of SRBC

Ab Positive No Ab Negative Ag Patient’s serum Ag Ag Y Y Ag

Material Ag: Lytic products from typhiod Test serum: 56℃,30min Complement: from guinea pig 2% SRBC Hemolysin

Methods 1 2 3 4 5 Test serum Ag Complement N.S Serum control Ag control Complement control SRBC control Methods Test 1 2 3 4 5 Test serum 0.2mL 0.2mL … … … … … … Ag 0.2mL … … 0.2mL … … … … Complement 0.2mL 0.2mL 0.2mL 0.2mL … … N.S … … 0.2mL 0.2mL 0.4mL 0.8mL Shake,incubate in water bath at 37℃ for 15min Hemolysin … … 0.2mL 0.2mL 0.2mL 0.2mL SRBC 0.2mL 0.2mL 0.2mL 0.2mL 0.2mL Shake,incubate in water bath at 37℃ for 15min

Anticipated results 1.Hemolysis: clear, red No hemolysis: turbid, ruddy Hemolysis No hemolysis 2. 血清对照管:用以排除待测血清中含有抗原抗体复合物 抗原对照管:用以排除抗原溶液中含有抗原抗体复合物 补体对照管:用以验证补体的活性 SRBC对照管:用以排除SRBC的自身溶血现象。 Test Serum control Ag control Complement control SRBC control ? Hemolysis No hemolysis

Attentions Shake SRBC before use Pipettes for different reagents should not be confused