A.P. Biology Chapters 1 & 2 Lets Roll, 2 down 48 to go!

I. Life is organized on many structural levels II. Each level of biological organization has emergent properties III. Cells are an organism's basic units of structure and function

IV. The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA V. A feeling for organisms enriches the study of life VI. Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization

VII. Organisms are open systems that interact continuously with their environments VIII. Diversity and unity are the dual faces of life on Earth IX. Evolution is the core theme of biology

X. Science as a process of inquiry often involves hypothetico- deductive thinking XI. Science and technology are functions of society XII. Biology is a multidisciplinary adventure

After reading this chapter and attending lecture, the you should be able to: 1.Briefly describe unifying themes that pervade the science of biology. 2.Diagram the hierarchy of structural levels in biology. 3.Explain how the properties of life emerge from complex organization. 4.Describe seven emergent properties associated with life. 5.Distinguish between holism and reductionism. 6.Explain how technological breakthroughs contributed to the formulation of the cell theory and our current knowledge of the cell. 7.Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 8.Explain, in their own words, what is meant by "form fits function". 9.List and distinguish among the five kingdoms of life. 10.Briefly describe how Charles Darwin's ideas contributed to the conceptual framework of biology. 11.Outline the scientific method. 12.Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning. 13.Explain how science and technology are interdependent.

Chapter 2 I. Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds II. Life requires about 25 chemical elements III. Atomic structure determines the behavior of an element

A. Subatomic Particles B. Atomic Number and Atomic Weight C. Isotopes D. Energy Levels E. Electron Orbitals F. Electron Configuration and Chemical Properties

IV. Atoms combine by chemical bonding to form molecules A. Covalent Bonds B. Ionic Bonds V. Weak chemical bonds play important roles in the chemistry of life A. Hydrogen Bonds

VI. A molecule's biological function is related to its shape VII. Chemical reactions change the composition of matter VIII. Chemical conditions on the early earth set the stage for the origin and evolution of life

OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter and attending lecture, the student should be able to: 1.Define element and compound. 2.State four elements essential to life that make up 96% of living matter. 3.Describe the structure of an atom. 4.Define and distinguish among atomic number, mass number, atomic weight and valence. 5.Given the atomic number and mass number of an atom, determine the number of neutrons. 6.Explain why radioisotopes are important to biologists. 7.Explain how electron configuration influences the chemical behavior of an atom. 8.Explain the octet rule and predict how many bonds an atom might form. 9.Explain why the noble gases are so unreactive. 10.Define electronegativity and explain how it influences the formation of chemical bonds. 11.Distinguish among nonpolar covalent, polar covalent and ionic bonds. 12.Describe the formation of a hydrogen bond and explain how it differs from a covalent or ionic bond. 13.Explain why weak bonds are important to living organisms. 14.Describe how the relative concentrations of reactants and products affect a chemical reaction. 15.Describe the chemical conditions on early Earth and explain how they were different from today.