 Problem ◦ Engineers help identify problems, unmet needs, and new product opportunities in start-ups and established companies ◦ 15% of capstone design projects are student generated; 85% of projects defined for students (S. Howe, 2010)  Solution ◦ 1 credit, junior level elective course ◦ Clinical Issues in Biomedical Engineering Design ◦ Allows undergraduate students to observe procedures and conduct needs finding activities  Increases clinical literacy, familiarity with medical technology  Learn to observe, listen, ask questions to identify unmet needs; importance of ethnographic observation

 Exam on medical terminology  OR orientation (professional conduct, workflow, working with medical personnel)  Clinical observations (outside of class)  Guest speakers address wide range of need areas ◦ Surgery, nursing, dentistry, clinical engineering, developing nations, people with disabilities  Final Deliverable: Project Proposal  Goal: observe, reflect, incubate, propose project in fall semester (as senior design project)

 Field trips ◦ Dental Technology Playroom ◦ Laparoscopic Simulation Lab ◦ Virtual ICU (eICU)  Clinical visits ◦ Operating Room ◦ Cardiac Catheterization Lab ◦ Urology Lab ◦ Interventional Radiology Lab ◦ Intensive Care Units ◦ Milwaukee Center for Independence

 All course learning objectives were met  May nurture entrepreneurial behavior  4 yrs: No project proposals used for senior design project  “The clinical observations are the best way to learn about the problems/needs of the OR.”  “The project proposal was very useful because it was the first time I was required to connect biomedical engineering issues to a possible product.”

 Students own their intellectual property  Students can voluntarily sign IP agreements and NDA’s with sponsoring companies  Accommodations for confidentiality ◦ Private presentations ◦ Excluded from senior design book