Health: 14 th -19 th Century European History By Kassi, Clare, Kendall
Unit I : The Late Middle Ages, The Renaissance, The Reformation Chapters 11, 12, 13
The Little Ice Age Drop in overall temperatures Shortened growing seasons heavy rains destroyed harvests Caused extreme hunger and starvation Killed 10% of European population in first half of 14 th century Malnutrition Disease Infant mortalitity
The Black Death mid 14 th century Originated in Asia Spread by rats and fleas Symptoms: high fever, aching joints, swelling of lymph nodes, internal bleeding Killed 50-60% of victims 20-50% of total European population killed Reactions by population Indulgent living Flagellants Revolts Look in to medical knowledge Health/sanitation laws made
New Directions in Medicine Hippocrates Galen: 4 humors Phlegm Yellow bile Black bile blood Physicians had little or no practice Rise of surgeons Anatomy Medical textbooks made 14 th century: 6 medical schools Paris most prestigious
Unit II : Exploration, Conquest, State Building Chapters 14, 15
Conquest Aztecs and Incas No immunity to European germs Measles, small pox
Unit III : The Scientific Revolution, The Enlightenment Chapters 16, 17
Advancements in Medicine Galen Incorrect anatomy based on animals Treatment based on imbalance of humors Belief in two separate body systems Muscular and digestive Paracelsus Macrocosmic-Microcosm philosophy Disease caused by chemical imbalances Treated by chemical remedies Vesalius Anatomy of humans Corrected Galen’s theory of blood from liver Harvey Blood from heart blood makes a complete circuit One body system Modern foundation of physiology
World of Medicine Hospitals = bad sanitary conditions Hierarchy of practitioners Physicians, surgeons, apothecaries, midwifes, faith healers
Popular Culture Alcohol Gin, vodka Poor would drink selves into oblivion
Unit IV : European States: War, Social Change, and Revolution Chapters 18, 19
Growth of European Population Decline in death rate Plentiful food Better transportation of food supply Improved diets Introduction of new crops Potatoes Corn More nutritious food supply End of Plague Typhus, small pox, influenza, dysentery Poor hygienic conditions
Birth Control Coitus interruptus End of 18 th century: used to limit number of children
An Agricultural Revolution Increases in food production More farm land Healthier livestock Increase in meat in European diet Improved climate Jethro Tull Use of hoe Seed drill
Peasant Diet Dark bread = staple Water, wine, beer Potatoes, corn More susceptible to disease when harvests were bad
Unit V: Industrial Revolution and Reform Chapter 20, 21
Population Growth 140 million: 1750 266 million: 1850 Drop in number of deaths from famines Plague and small pox numbers declined Better food supply More resistant to disease
The Great Hunger The Potato Famine Ireland Struck by fungus Turned potatoes black Decimated Irish population Over a million died of starvation and disease Almost 2 million emigrated to the United States
Urban Living Conditions in the Early Industrial Revolution Dramatic growth of cities Miserable living conditions 1 toilet for 20 families Manchester, England: 1842 Average life span = 17 years Countryside, England: 1842 Average life span = years Cholera Edward Chadwick Reported on conditions of laboring population Public Health Act 1848 Attempted to clean unsanitary conditions
Factory Conditions during the Industrial Revolution Awful hour work days 6 day weeks Little breaks for food malnutrition Dangerous cave-ins, explosions, gas fumes in mines Cramped conditions Deformed bodies Dampness Ruined lungs
Factory Reforms Improved conditions slightly Longer breaks Shorter work days Women and children couldn’t work in coal mines
Bibliography Western Civilization Spielvogel AP Euro Website Gnass Google Images