US Enters the Fight

The Road to War U.S. remained at peace 1939–1941 Popular sympathy for Allies, distaste for Germany and Japan Roosevelt openly expressed favor for Allies, moved cautiously to avoid outcry from isolationists

From Neutrality to Undeclared War 1939–1941: FDR sought help for England without actually entering the war November, 1939: Belligerents may buy U.S. goods on “cash and carry” basis 1940: German occupation of France America First forms to protest drift toward war White Committee wanted to aid Britain

Neutrality Erodes… Neutrality Act of 1939 – allows “cash-and-carry” 1940 – Japan, Germany, and Italy announce alliance of Axis Powers $37 billion approved for military build-up 9/2/ destroyers for bases swap with UK 9/6/ Conscription law approved

FDR v. Wendell Wilkie (1940)

The Election of 1940

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ELECTION OF 1940: FDR BREAKS WITH TWO-TERM TRADITION

A Slumbering Giant Stirs… 3/1941 – Lend-Lease Act passed 6/1941 –Germany attacks “friend” USSR, FDR extends Lend-Lease to USSR Mid US freezes Japanese Assets 7/1941 – US Navy accompanies convoys to UK 8/1941 – Atlantic Charter (US, UK -later USSR)

G.I. Roundtable Series

From Neutrality to Undeclared War: Increased Aid to England U.S. greatly increased military spending and began a first-ever peacetime draft U.S. ships transported war supplies Eventual consensus that a Nazi victory in Europe would threaten western civilization Lend Lease U.S. Navy told to shoot submarines on sight

G.I. Roundtable Series

Wartime Partnerships U.S.-English alliance cemented by personal friendship between FDR and Churchill Soviet Union unsatisfied with alliance Soviet Union often perceives itself alone in conflict Wartime tensions persist after victory

Roosevelt and Churchill at Atlantic Charter Meeting, 1941 President Franklin D. Roosevelt (left) and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (1874– 1965) confer on board a ship near Newfoundland during their summit meeting of August, During the conference, they signed the Atlantic Charter. Upon his return to Great Britain, Churchill told his advisers that Roosevelt had promised to "wage war" against Germany and do "everything" to "force an incident." (Franklin D. Roosevelt Library) Roosevelt and Churchill at Atlantic Charter Meeting, 1941 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Atlantic CharterAUGUST 14, 1941 …First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other; Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned; Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them; Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world which are needed for their economic prosperity; Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security; Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want; Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance; Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the abandonment of the use of force. … Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston S. Churchill

First Blood Fall 1941 – German U-boats sink 2 US destroyers and several merchant ships US arms its merchant ships Fall 1941 – US cuts off oil to Japan after Japan invades French Indochina 11/ Hideki Tojo prepares Japan for war with US US knows Japan will strike, but not where 12/7/1941 – Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor 12/11/1941 – Italy and Germany declare war on US WHY DID THE U.S. WAIT TO BE ATTACKED???

Showdown in the Pacific 1937: Japanese occupation of coastal China U.S. limited exports to Japan of strategic materials 1940: Japan allied with Germany, Italy Japanese invasion of Indochina prompted U.S. to end all trade

Showdown in the Pacific: Pearl Harbor 1941: U.S.–Japanese negotiations Japan’s demands – Free hand in China – Restoration of normal trade relations U.S. demanded Japanese troops out of China December 7, 1941: Pearl Harbor attacked December 8: War declared

He CAN'T Forget Pearl Harbor--Can You? This World War II poster encourages support for the U.S. war effort by pointing to one soldier's disabilities that resulted from Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. (Library of Congress) He CAN'T Forget Pearl Harbor--Can You? Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The U.S.S. West Virginia, Pearl Harbor The stricken U.S.S. West Virginia was one of the eight battleships caught in the surprise Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, Hawai'i, on December 7, In this photograph, sailors on a launch attempt to rescue a crew member from the water as oil burns around the sinking ship. (U.S. Army) The U.S.S. West Virginia, Pearl Harbor Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Site: Pearl Harbor Remembered

America at War: FDR’s STRATEGY: 1. Attack Germany first: save USSR and UK 2. Attack Japan second: give ground in Pacific PROBLEM: Will America arm itself (and its Allies) in time? CONCERN: Were totalitarian warriors better than citizen-soldiers?

Turning the Tide Against the Axis December, 1941: Axis on the offensive 1942–1943: U.S., England, Russia fought to seize the initiative 1944–1945: Offensive to crush Axis

eeches/fdrpearlharbor.htm

TOTAL COST OF WAR= $330 billion In 1945 US dept was at 120% of GDP= $259 billion http :// zfacts.com/metaPage/lib/National-Debt-GDP.gif