NATIONALISM CHAPTER 24

 IT HAS BEEN SAID “IF FRANCE SNEEZES EUROPE WILL CATCH A COLD”  THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1800’S CHANGED THE POLITICAL SCENE OF EUROPE  THESE REVOLUTIONS WERE BASED ON:  LIBERALISM-A DEMAND FOR THE RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE, MORE RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENTS  NATIONALISM-PEOPLE DEMANDING TO GOVERN THEMSELVES, TRYING TO PUSH FOREIGN INFLUENCES OUT(PRIDE IN ONES NATION OR ETHNITICITY) REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1800’S

REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1830’S COUNTRYFRANCEBELGUIMPOLANDITALY GROUPTHE FRENCH PEOPLE THE BELGUIM PEOPLE THE POLISH PEOPLE THE ITALIAN PEOPLE REASONLIBERALISM REACTIONARY KING NATIONALISM AGAINST THE DUTCH NATIONALISM AGAINST RUSSIA NATIONALISM AGAINST AUSTRIA OUTCOMENEW MONARCH- LOUIS-PHILIPPE INDEPENDENT STATE FAILED REVOLUTION

COUNTRYFRANCEGERMAN STATESAUSTRIA GROUPSWORKING CLASSFRANKFORT ASSEMBLY NON-GERMANIC PEOPLE REASONLIBERALISM: JOBS, VOTING RIGHTS, NEW CONSTITUTION LIBERALISM: INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS, VOTING RIGHTS NATIONALISM: SELF RULE OUTCOMESECOND REPUBLIC LOUIS NAPOLEON ELECTED PRESIDENT FREDRICK WILLIAM REFUSED TO BE AN ELECTED KING FOR THE CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE HUNGARY ALLOWED ITS OWN LEGISLATURE, OTHER ETHNIC GROUPS DEFEATED REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1840’S

 THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1840’S CHANGED THE POLITICS OF EUROPE: OLD ALLINCES WERE BROKEN AND NEW WERE FORMED  THE CRIMEAN WAR(1853) STARTED AS A CONFLICT BETWEEN RUSSIA AND THE OTTOMAN TURKS, BUT OTHER EUROPEAN NATIONS JOINED THE CONFLICT TO PROTECT THEIR INTEREST  HEAVY LOSES ON BOTH SIDES LEAD TO AN END TO THE WAR, THE TREATY OF PARIS IN 1856  RESULTS: RUSSIA AND AUSTRIA WERE NO LONGER ALLIES, RUSSIA WITHDREW FROM EUROPEAN POLITICS, AUSTRIA WAS NOW WEAK NATIONALISM, UNIFICATION, REFORM

 NOW WITH AUSTRIA WEAKENED ITALY WAS READY TO MOVE AGAINST THEM AND CREATE A UNIFIED COUNTRY  THE PIEDMONT KINGDOM FORMED AN ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE, THEN PROVOKED A WAR WITH AUSTRIA, WHICH THEY WON  WITH THIS VICTORY SMALL ITALIAN STATES PROPOSED ANNEXATION FROM THE PIEDMONT FOR PROTECTION  IN THE SOUTH GARIBALDI FORMED AN ARMY AND CONQUERED THE SOUTHERN KINGDOMS, THEN FORMED AN ALLIANCE WITH KING VICTOR EMMANUEL II, GIVING HIM THE SOUTHERN KINGDOMS ITALIAN UNIFICATION

 PRUSSIAN-AUSTRIAN WAR ALLOWED PIEDMONT TO SIEZE VENETIA FROM AUSTRIA (1866)  FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR ALLOWED HIM TO SIEZE ROME FROM FRANCE (1870)  VICTOR MOVED THE CAPITAL TO ROME  ITALY WAS OFFICIALLY UNIFIED ON SEPTEMBER 20, 1870 ITALIAN UNIFICATION

 IN 1848 THE FRANKFORT ASSEMBLY VOTED TO MAKE FREDRICK WILLIAM IV KING; HE REFUSED TO BE KING BASED ON POPULAR VOTE  IN THE 1860’S WILLIAM I MOVED TO PRUSSIA A STRONG MILITARISTIC NATION, THE LEGISLATURE REFUSED TO SUPPORT THIS MOVE  WILLIAM APPOINTED COUNT OTTO VON BISMARCK AS CHANCELLOR  BISMARCK BELIEVED IN REALPOLITIK, REFERRED TO AS THE “IRON CHANCELLOR”, GOVERNED WITH WHAT WERE CALLED POLICIES OF “BLOOD AND IRON” GERMAN UNIFICATION

 BISMARCKS GOALS WERE TO MAKE PRUSSIA THE MOST POWERFUL ECONOMIC NATION IN EUROPE THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOST POWERFUL MILITARY ON THE CONTINENT  HE IGNORED PARLIAMENT, IMPRISONED/KILLED OPPOSITION, ENGAGED IN SUCCESSFUL WARS AGAINST AUSTRIA, DENMARK AND FRANCE  THROUGH HIS POLICIES AND THESE EVENTS; ON JANUARY 18, 1871 GERMANY ANNEXES THE CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE, GERMANY IS UNIFIED NATION  WILLIAM I IS PROCLAIMED KAISER(EMPEROR) OF THE SECOND RIECH(EMPIRE) OF GERMANY GERMAN UNIFICATION

 THE NAPOLEONIC WARS OPENED THE DOOR FOR REVOLUTION IN THE AMERICAS  AS EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WERE DISTRACTED BY NAPOLEONS ARMIES, LATIN AMERICA TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE SMALL EUROPEAN FORCES LEFT BEHIND TO MAINTAIN THE COLONIES  THE CREOLES LOOKING AT THE EXAMPLE OF THE U.S., AND THE IDEALS OF ENLIGHTENED THINKERS WERE MOTIVATED TO ACT REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA

 HAITI-1804, TOUSSAINT-LOUVERTURE STARTED A SUCCESSFUL SLAVE REBELLION ON THE ISLAND OF HISPANIOLA AGAINST FRENCH OFFICIALS, JEAN- JACQUES DESSALINES FINISHED THE CONFLICT AND DECLARED HIMSELF EMPEROR OF HAITI  MEXICO-1810, FATHER MIGUEL HIDALGO STARTED THE REVOLUTION AGAINST SPAIN, THE CONFLICT ENDED IN 1821, AGUSTINE DE ITURBIDE FINISHED THE WAR, THEN DECLARED HIMSELF EMPEROR OF MEXICO REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA

LOVUERTUREDESSALINES

 SOUTH AMERICA-1810, LED BY SIMON BOLIVAR(GEORGE WASHINGTON OF SOUTH AMERICA) JOSE DE SAN MARTIN  BOLIVAR WANTED TO CREATE THE UNITED SOUTH AMERICAN STATES, BUT LOCAL LANDOWNERS FEARED LOSING POWER  BOLIVAR AND MARTIN LED SEPARATE CONFLICTS LIBERATING INDIVIUAL AREAS THEN IN 1824 THEY UNITED FORCES TO COMPLETE THE DEFEAT OF SPAIN  TO ENSURE NON-INTERFERENCE IN THE AMERICAS BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, U.S. PRESIDENT JAMES MONORE ISSUED THE MONROE DOCTRINE REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA