Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai Topic 4.1 Ecology IB DP – CORE

Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai Essential idea: The continued survival of living organisms including humans depends on sustainable communities.

Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai Nature of science: : Looking for patterns, trends and discrepancies— (i.e. Discrepancy -- plants and algae are mostly autotrophic but some are not. )

Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai Assessment Statement Define species, habitat, population, community, ecosystem and ecology

Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai Basic Concepts Species : a group of organism that can interbreed & produce fertile offspring.(have a common gene pool). Habitat: the environment in which species normally lives (location). Population: a group of the organism of the same species ,living in the same area at the same time. Community: a group of populations living & interacting with each other in an area. Ecology: the study of relationships between living organisms & their environment.

Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai Environment Its everything which surrounds an organism. It has 4 main components Hydrosphere (water) Atmosphere (gases) Lithosphere (rocks) Biosphere (all living beings) The first 3 are abiotic components while the 4th is the Biotic component

Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai Assessment Statement Distinguish between autotroph and heterotroph.

Autotrophs & heterotrophs Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai Autotrophs & heterotrophs

Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai Autotrophs are the species with the capacity to make their own food. Eg.:cynobacteria, Algae,Grass, Trees. Hetrotrophs are the species which do not have the capacity to produce their own food. Eg.:animals,fish,zooplanktons. Three type of heterotrophs : consumers detritivore saprotroph

Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai Assessment Statement Distinguish between consumers, detritivores and saprotrophs

Detrivores & saprotrophs Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai Detrivores & saprotrophs Detrivores are the organism that consumes dead organic matter. Eg.: earthworm, woodlice. Saprotrophs are the organisms that live on, or in, dead organic matter. (digesting the food by secreting enzymes) Eg. Bacteria, Fungus. Watch Videos: Jae Rhim Lee My mushroom burial suit.mp4 Paul Stamets 6 ways mushrooms can save the world.mp4 Secret life of the beetles, featuring a macaw, owl and pheasant _ Natural History Museum.mp4

15 minute Vocabulary Practice Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai 15 minute Vocabulary Practice Study Individually – 3 minutes Read the definition to your partner – your partner guesses definition – 3 minutes Switch with partner. – 3 minutes Read vocabulary word to partner – Partner describes definition – 3 minutes Switch – 3 minutes

Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai Vocabulary Practice Autotroph: Heterotroph: Consumer: Detritivore: Saprotroph: Species. Habitat. Population. Community Ecosystem: Ecology:

Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai Assessment Statement State that saprotrophic bacteria and fungi (decomposers) recycle nutrients.  

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=EwTCdcs8gGg http://vimeo.com/29987934

Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai Assessment Statement Explain that energy can enter and leave an ecosystem, but that nutrients must be recycled. Energy enters as light and usually leaves as heat.

Nutrient Cycles All the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life are its nutrients. Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions. Nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through biogeochemical cycles.

Nutrient Cycle vs. Food Chain

The Carbon Nutrient Cycle CO2 in Atmosphere Photosynthesis Volcanic activity feeding Respiration Erosion Human activity Respiration Decomposition CO2 in Ocean Uplift Carbon is found in several large reservoirs in the biosphere. In the atmosphere, it is found as carbon dioxide gas; in the oceans as dissolved carbon dioxide; on land in organisms, rocks, and soil; and underground as coal, petroleum, and calcium carbonate rock.  Deposition Photosynthesis feeding Fossil fuel Deposition Carbonate Rocks 21

IB Assessment Statement Distinguish between organic and inorganic nutrients. (Compounds containing carbon that are found in living organisms (except hydrogencarbonates, carbonates and oxides of carbon are regarded as organic.)

Organic Nutrients/ Compounds Organic Compounds are compounds containing carbon found in living things BUT there are exceptions are classified as NON-organic Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon Monoxide(CO). Hydrogen Carbonates (HCO3- ) Organic compounds are based on carbon and are found in living things. There are a number of exceptions including
hydrogen carbonate (HCO3- ), carbon dioxide (CO2 )and Carbon monoxide (CO). Inorganic compounds are by default all the molecules other than those in the category above.

Overview: Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules Although cells are 70–95% water, the rest consists mostly of carbon-based organic compounds Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter are all composed of carbon compounds

Inorganic Nutrients Species need to survive Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai Inorganic Nutrients Species need to survive Living organisms need a supply of chemicals elements from the environment.

Essential Elements of Life About 25 of the 92 elements are essential to life Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 99% of living matter Most of the remaining 1% consists of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron and sulfur

Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs Autotrophs obtain all the elements they need from inorganic sources, include carbon and nitrogen Heterotrophs obtain carbon and nitrogen from their food (other living organisms). They do obtain other inorganic elements such as sodium, potassium and calcium from the abiotic (non-living world)

Sustainability of Ecosystem Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai Sustainability of Ecosystem Something is Sustainable - if something that can continue indefinitely There are three requirements for sustainability Nutrient availability Detoxification of waste products energy availability

Mesocosms – Lab/ practical 5 Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai Mesocosms – Lab/ practical 5 Mesocosm are small experimental areas that are set up as ecological experiments. i.e. Small fenced off enclosures in grasslands and forests can be used –VIDEO – EVOLUTION minnows in MEXICO illustrates mesocosms We will create a sustainable mesocosm for a lab.

Community & Populations SKILL Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai Community & Populations SKILL A community is formed by populations of different species living together and interacting. SKILL : Test for the association between species using Chi-Square Sampling with data obtained by quadrat sampling.

Amit Mishra - NES International School Mumbai Chi-Square Tutorial https://www.khanacademy.org/math/probability/statistics-inferential/chi-square/v/pearson-s-chi-square-test-goodness-of-fit