Do-Now: Take a handout packet from the projector stand. Read “Anthropologists and Archaeologists Uncovered!” Answer the essential question on the back of the reading. Use the scaffold questions to help focus your response.

 Archaeologist : A person who studies excavations of ancient cities, relics, artifacts, etc.  Anthropologist : A person who studies humans, physical and cultural characteristics, distribution, customs, social relationships, etc. of humanity.  Economist : A person who studies the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth and resources.  Historian : A person who studies records of the past.  Political Scientist : A person who studies the science of the principles, organization, and methods of government.  Geographer: A person who studies the earth and its features and of the distribution of life on earth, including human life and the effects of human activity.

LOUIS & MARY LEAKEY ( ) - Kenyan archaeologists who began looking for early human remains in East Africa. They found many tools, bones & other artifacts. Discoveries DONALD JOHANSON - (1974) archaeologist who found “Lucy”, a part of an early human skeleton in Ethiopia

“Lucy”

Geographic Terms to Know  Hemisphere – the northern and southern half of the Earth is divided by the equator and the eastern and western half is divided by the prime meridian  Continent – principal land masses – know the SEVEN – North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica  Ocean – divisions of the Earth’s salt water surface – know – Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and the Arctic

The main directions we use are called cardinal directions and they are north (N), south (S), east (E), and west (W). On most maps, north is at the top. South is at the bottom. East is on the right. West is on the left. The compass rose shows us the in between directions. They are called intermediate directions. NE means northeast SE means southeast SW means southwest NW means northwest

LATITUDE  Lines on a map or globe running east & west LONGITUDE Lines on a map or globe running north & south

The equator is located at 0 degrees latitude. The equator divides the planet into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Generally the climate along the equator is hot, humid, and very rainy. It is an excellent place for farming in most cases.

Human Origins in Africa Map Question: According to the map, describe the path of human expansion. What is cultural diffusion?

Map Work – Where did the Early Civilizations form? Grab a textbook from back of the room. Locate the following rivers on the map Nile Euphrates Tigris Indus Huang-He (Yellow) Essential Question: Why did the early civilizations form near rivers?

 Important avenue for transportation, commerce, and cultural diffusion. Rivers are also important for getting water to crops (irrigation). Rivers may also flood which may be good for crops, but can also destroy homes and communities. Most early societies formed near rivers because they provided a source of fresh water and fertile soil called silt that was excellent for farming. Commerce is another way of saying trade. More times than not, it is easier to trade by water than it is by land. Why might that be? In addition to the dangers of floods, rapids (waterfalls) crocodiles, and hippos made Nile river travel risky

 The longest river in the world is located in Egypt, which is in northeast Africa. It’s annual floods helps farmers and led to the rise of one of the earliest civilizations. Because most of northeast Africa is desert with very little rainfall, most of the major cities developed along this vital water way

 How does the geography of Pleasantville impact the way we live?

 What kinds of evidence do historians use to study the past?  What types of evidence do anthropologists and archaeologists study to learn about prehistory?

 Using your knowledge of social studies and HW#2 & HW#3, try to define each of the following social scientists on a blank sheet of paper.  Archaeologist  Anthropologist  Economist  Historian  Political Scientist  Geographer

 Archaeologist : A person who studies excavations of ancient cities, relics, artifacts, etc.  Anthropologist : A person who studies humans, physical and cultural characteristics, distribution, customs, social relationships, etc. of humanity.  Economist : A person who studies the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth and resources.  Historian : A person who studies records of the past.  Political Scientist : A person who studies the science of the principles, organization, and methods of government.

 1 st to grow the opposable thumb First humanlike creature to walk upright

LOUIS & MARY LEAKEY ( ) - Kenyan archaeologists who began looking for early human remains in East Africa. They found many tools, bones & other artifacts. Discoveries DONALD JOHANSON - (1974) archaeologist who found “Lucy”, a part of an early human skeleton in Ethiopia

“Lucy” channel/ greatest-discoveries- lucy-the-hominid-video.htm

9/12/12 - Global 9R - Do-Now Locate the following map in your notes and answer the questions below. Human Origins in Africa Map Question: According to the map, describe the path of human expansion. What is cultural diffusion?

“The Cradle of Mankind” – Olduvai Gorge

 Traits  million BC  Brain size = 700 cubic cm  Achievements  Made tools from lava rock  Used tools to cut meat and crack bones

 Traits  1.6 million - 30,000 BC  More intelligent and adaptable  Brain size 1,000 Cubic cm  Achievements  Used intelligence to develop technology  Used fire to provide warmth  May have developed language

 Traits  200,000 – 30,000 BC  Brain size 1,450 cubic cm  Powerfully built  Heavy slanted eyebrows  Achievements  First to have ritual burials  Tried to control and explain the world  Built shelters  Lived in caves

 Traits  Identical skeleton to modern humans  Achievements  Studied animals’ habits  Planned their hunts  Advanced skill in spoken language  Created art

 Homo Sapiens (modern humans) appeared in Africa 100,000 to 400,000 years ago.  Then migrated to  Europe  Asia  Australia  The Americas

STANDARDS FOR BEING HUMAN: 1. Skull size/ Shape 2. Upright vertebrate/ Hips 3. Thumb for tool making

TWO PERIODS! TO BE CONTINUED…

 In your notebooks, draw/describe a scene of a group of humans during the Paleolithic Era. Be sure your scene answers the following questions.  What are the humans doing?  What do they cherish? (What is important to them?)  What did they achieve?

Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) 2 million B.C. - 10,000 B.C. 1.Hunting & gathering societies 2.Nomads- people who travel from place to place in constant search of food and water 3.People traveled in small groups 4.Simple tools/weapons made of stone, bone & wood 5.Use of clothes & fire 6.Cave paintings found of animals 7.Animism- religion which involves worshipping spirits in nature

 10,000 BC  Gradual shift from nomadic life to settlements  hunting & gathering societies

 Also known as the Neolithic Revolution marks the start of farming & domestication of animals  This occurs around the globe at roughly the same time but independently from one another (8,000-5,000 BC)  Slash & Burn Farming 8,000 BC Middle East 7,000 BC India 6,500 BC Central America 6,000 BC China

 Allowed for the growth of larger populations  Largest early settlement was in modern day Turkey  Catal Huyuk  Surplus food supplies allowed for more time to develop “other things” that made these communities successful

 Cities & Government  Religion  Military  Social Classes  Trade/ Economic System  Job Specialization  Technology  System of Writing  Art & Architecture

New tools — hoes, sickles, and plow sticks New tools — hoes, sickles, and plow sticks Grow even more food. Grow even more food. Plant larger areas of land and some villages began to irrigate the land. Plant larger areas of land and some villages began to irrigate the land. People invented the wheel for carts and the sail for boats. People invented the wheel for carts and the sail for boats. Made it easier to travel between distant villages and to trade. Made it easier to travel between distant villages and to trade. Life became more complex. Life became more complex. People were divided into social classes. People were divided into social classes. People began to worship gods and goddesses that they felt would protect their crops and make their harvests large. People began to worship gods and goddesses that they felt would protect their crops and make their harvests large. The rise of cities led to the rise of the first civilizations. The rise of cities led to the rise of the first civilizations.

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Paleolithic Age Begins 2.5 million BC People live in small groups People are Nomads People hunt and gather for food Neolithic Revolution 8,000 BC Neolithic Age Ends 3,000 BC Long Term Effects: People farm-subsistence farming People can settle down into permanent communities People domesticate animals People have leisure time Historical circumstances/ Causes: people noticed that scattered seeds grew crops and a probable change in climate (warmer weather) Immediate effects: Population rises Leads to a steady supply of food

1)Organized Cities 2)Centralized Government 3) Complex Religions 4)Job Specialization 5)Social Classes 6)Arts and Architecture 7)Public Works 8)Writing

What similarities do you see in the locations of these early river valley civilizations?

One reason for the development of an early civilization in the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys was that 1) One reason for the development of an early civilization in the Tigris- Euphrates river valleys was that A)The location protected the people from land invasion. B)Periodic flooding left rich soil, which was ideal for farming. C)These rivers provided a direct trade route between Europe and Asia. D)These rivers flowed into the Mediterranean Sea. (B) Is the correct answer. 2) The real change in the Neolithic Revolution was the A) movement away from eating just fruits and grains to eating meat B) discovery of new caves C) shift from hunting and gathering to systematic agriculture D) development of bowls and spoons (C) Is the correct answer.

Summary of Paleolithic Life vs. Neolithic Life