The New Monarchs Chapter 13 Part 7

The New Monarchs Many of basic institutions of the modern state were created in the High Middle Ages: Many of basic institutions of the modern state were created in the High Middle Ages: Sheriffs, inquests, juries, circuit judges, professional bureaucrats, representative assemblies… Sheriffs, inquests, juries, circuit judges, professional bureaucrats, representative assemblies… But the creation of the nation-state depended on a strong monarchy But the creation of the nation-state depended on a strong monarchy

Centralization began after the Hundred Years’ War (15 th C.) Biggest problems of the monarchs Biggest problems of the monarchs Most important: power struggle with the nobility Most important: power struggle with the nobility Power struggle with the Church was also problematic Power struggle with the Church was also problematic

Monarchs needed to curb the power of the Nobility Monarchs needed to reduce violence & establish order (both were important to the middle class) Monarchs needed to reduce violence & establish order (both were important to the middle class) Monarchs will rely more heavily on the middle class as government officials Monarchs will rely more heavily on the middle class as government officials The Nobility will be replaced by the middle class who will be loyal to the monarch because their new positions were all due to the king. The Nobility will be replaced by the middle class who will be loyal to the monarch because their new positions were all due to the king. The nobles’ positions were inherited and not generally “given” to them by the king The nobles’ positions were inherited and not generally “given” to them by the king

The monarchs and the Nobility To curb the power of the nobles monarchs had to be tough, cynical, and ruthless To curb the power of the nobles monarchs had to be tough, cynical, and ruthless Machiavelli: Deal with things as they are; not as they ought to be Machiavelli: Deal with things as they are; not as they ought to be People are ungrateful, barbaric, dishonest, stupid People are ungrateful, barbaric, dishonest, stupid In the Middle Ages the ideal ruler was just, kind and merciful, fair…not any more In the Middle Ages the ideal ruler was just, kind and merciful, fair…not any more

France Was fragmented after the Hundred Years’ War Was fragmented after the Hundred Years’ War Remember, in France, it was a Civil War too Remember, in France, it was a Civil War too Problems with Burgundy, etc Problems with Burgundy, etc Nobles were vying for the king’s power Nobles were vying for the king’s power Monarch unwilling to share power so no assemblies Monarch unwilling to share power so no assemblies BUT lack of widespread authority = tough to enforce the law in out-lying areas BUT lack of widespread authority = tough to enforce the law in out-lying areas

Centralization began with Charles VII ( ) Defeated Burgundy in 1477 Defeated Burgundy in 1477 Expanded trade Expanded trade Reorganized the Royal Council (advisors) by packing it with middle class rather than nobles Reorganized the Royal Council (advisors) by packing it with middle class rather than nobles Creation of a permanent standing army Creation of a permanent standing army Expanded state control over the Church Expanded state control over the Church

The Galician Church The Pragmatic Sanction of the Bourges: Reaffirmed that the state was more powerful than the Church in France. The Pragmatic Sanction of the Bourges: Reaffirmed that the state was more powerful than the Church in France. Gave the crown power over Church appointments (Bishops) and gave the crown the authority to tax Church lands in France Gave the crown power over Church appointments (Bishops) and gave the crown the authority to tax Church lands in France

Louis XI (the Spider King) Was ruthless in dealing with uncooperative nobility Was ruthless in dealing with uncooperative nobility Promoted new industries Promoted new industries Encouraged skilled craftsmen to come to France Encouraged skilled craftsmen to come to France Made trade agreements with other countries Made trade agreements with other countries Increased taxes and improved army Increased taxes and improved army Brought Brittany under French control through the marriage of his son, Charles to Anne of Brittany Brought Brittany under French control through the marriage of his son, Charles to Anne of Brittany

Charles VIII Invaded Italy at the request of Ludivico the Moor (Milan) Invaded Italy at the request of Ludivico the Moor (Milan)

Louis XII Also married Anne of Brittany Also married Anne of Brittany Entered into The League of Cambrai prior to the invasion of Italy which began the Hapsburg- Valois War Entered into The League of Cambrai prior to the invasion of Italy which began the Hapsburg- Valois War

Francis I was the biggest enemy of Charles V Fought the Hapsburgs throughout his reign Fought the Hapsburgs throughout his reign 1516 The Concordat of Balogna with Pope Leo X: 1516 The Concordat of Balogna with Pope Leo X: Rescinded earlier Pragmatic Sanction of the Bourges. Rescinded earlier Pragmatic Sanction of the Bourges. Pope could receive first year’s income of NEW bishops and abbots but crown could select new bishops and abbots (even more power to the state over the Church) Pope could receive first year’s income of NEW bishops and abbots but crown could select new bishops and abbots (even more power to the state over the Church)

England 100 Years’ War Years’ War War of the Roses War of the Roses Many nobles died due to above Many nobles died due to above So a little easier to remove their influence from court So a little easier to remove their influence from court Nobles now controlled by The Star Chamber Nobles now controlled by The Star Chamber

The Tudors England small, weak & unimportant country England small, weak & unimportant country BUT Growth of a strong monarchy under Henry VII (the founder of the dynasty) BUT Growth of a strong monarchy under Henry VII (the founder of the dynasty) Developed standard government procedures for law, taxation Developed standard government procedures for law, taxation Tried to avoid foreign wars to decrease dependence on Parliament Tried to avoid foreign wars to decrease dependence on Parliament

Henry VII Created the Royal Council Created the Royal Council Made up of mostly middle class Made up of mostly middle class Had wide powers: judicial, executive, legislative Had wide powers: judicial, executive, legislative The Star Chamber was an off-shoot of the RC The Star Chamber was an off-shoot of the RC Had secret sessions Had secret sessions Used torture to discourage the ambitions of the nobility Used torture to discourage the ambitions of the nobility

England Had no standing army or professional bureaucrats Had no standing army or professional bureaucrats Relied on Justices of the Peace for local control Relied on Justices of the Peace for local control The crown was supported by upper middle class because its policies favored them. The crown was supported by upper middle class because its policies favored them. Security and order is what the upper middle class wanted and got Security and order is what the upper middle class wanted and got

England Henry VII encouraged the cloth industry Henry VII encouraged the cloth industry Built up the merchant marine Built up the merchant marine Peace with Scotland with marriage of daughter, Margaret Peace with Scotland with marriage of daughter, Margaret Crushed an Irish rebellion Crushed an Irish rebellion Country was in good shape for son, Henry VIII Country was in good shape for son, Henry VIII

Spain Spain shares the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal Spain shares the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal Was divided into 4 kingdoms: Castile, Aragon, Navarre, Grenada Was divided into 4 kingdoms: Castile, Aragon, Navarre, Grenada 1469 Marriage Ferdinand to Isabella consolidating Castile and Aragon 1469 Marriage Ferdinand to Isabella consolidating Castile and Aragon By 1492 they had conquered the other two and had driven the Moors out of Grenada By 1492 they had conquered the other two and had driven the Moors out of Grenada

The Reconquista For centuries the Christians wanted religious homogeny in Spain For centuries the Christians wanted religious homogeny in Spain The Reconquista: Jews and Muslims were strongly encouraged to convert or leave (or die) The Reconquista: Jews and Muslims were strongly encouraged to convert or leave (or die)

Control of the Spanish Church Spanish Pope, Alexander VI gave the crown power to appoint bishops in Spain and in Spanish overseas territories Spanish Pope, Alexander VI gave the crown power to appoint bishops in Spain and in Spanish overseas territories Revenue from Church lands went to establish a permanent standing army Revenue from Church lands went to establish a permanent standing army

The Jews in Spain Jews had earlier been expelled from England and France Jews had earlier been expelled from England and France Was much resentment in Spain Was much resentment in Spain Jews were the Doctors, Bankers, wealthy Jews were the Doctors, Bankers, wealthy Most had converted during the Reconquista BUT were still not trusted by the bulk of the population Most had converted during the Reconquista BUT were still not trusted by the bulk of the population

After the Reconquista Converts were called Conversos or Marranos Converts were called Conversos or Marranos About 200,000 Jews in Spain About 200,000 Jews in Spain If the New Christians were protected by the crown, the crown would lose popular support If the New Christians were protected by the crown, the crown would lose popular support Popular belief that the conversions were false and that the Jews continued to practice their old religion Popular belief that the conversions were false and that the Jews continued to practice their old religion

1480 The Inquisition To gain support of the majority of the population To gain support of the majority of the population Was sanctioned by Pope Sixtus IV Was sanctioned by Pope Sixtus IV Was used against Jews, Muslims and later, Protestants Was used against Jews, Muslims and later, Protestants No reformation in Spain No reformation in Spain Church had been reformed by Cisneros (Dominican humanist & author of the Polyglot) Church had been reformed by Cisneros (Dominican humanist & author of the Polyglot)

Centralization of Ferdinand and Isabella Began to build overseas empire Began to build overseas empire Mesta government organization to encourage sheep ranching Mesta government organization to encourage sheep ranching Hermandad alliance of groups in cities and towns Hermandad alliance of groups in cities and towns Were police force and tribunals Were police force and tribunals Ruthlessly repressed violence and kept order Ruthlessly repressed violence and kept order Opposed to the nobility Opposed to the nobility

The Royal Council Aristocrats were excluded Aristocrats were excluded Members were middle class Members were middle class BUT in Spain, not much of a middle class due to their expulsion BUT in Spain, not much of a middle class due to their expulsion

The HRE 1356 The Golden Bull 7 German electors were given the right to name the HRE 1356 The Golden Bull 7 German electors were given the right to name the HRE BUT after 1452 the HRE was controlled by the Hapsburgs BUT after 1452 the HRE was controlled by the Hapsburgs The Empire was made up of 300+ sovereign states The Empire was made up of 300+ sovereign states The HRE had little power as over time, one after another had traded powers for votes The HRE had little power as over time, one after another had traded powers for votes