Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 24 The Transformation of Europe - War, Monarchies and Revolution

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 The Thirty Years’ War ( ) Holy Roman emperor attempts to force Bohemians to return to Roman Catholic Church All of Europe becomes involved in conflict  Principal battleground: Germany Political, economic issues involved Approximately one-third of German population destroyed

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 Causes of the Thirty Years War Sprang out of complicated religious and political grievances Lutherans and Catholics had not fought since the peace of Augsburg (1555) Spread of Calvinism new source of friction – Calvinists excluded from Peace of Augsburg 1608 Calvinists form Protestant Union 1609 Catholic’s form Catholic League Both illegal military alliances, afraid of each other but determined to keep the rival religion from making further gains

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 The Bohemian Phase Ferdinand of Styria gets elected king of Bohemia in 1617  Tries to re-Catholicize the country 1618 civil war breaks out between Habsburgs and Bohemian Estates Estates depose Ferdinand elect Frederick V of the Palatinate Catholic League and Protestant Union get involved Ferdinand wins Frederick flees Within 10 years Protestantism stamped out with help of Jesuits

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Danish, Swedish & French Intervention Protestants could not unite 1625 Protestant king of Denmark intervened partly to save cause of co-religious partly to gain territory in northern Germany War slowly becomes less a war of religion and more a struggle for the hegemony of Europe 1629 Danish withdraw 1631 Sweden intervenes 1634 Swedes ultimately defeated War becomes France, Sweden & Dutch against Spain and Habsburgs

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Peace of Westphalia ( ) Europe’s first great peace at Congress of Westphalia  Importance of the sovereign state  Cuius region, eius religio reconfirmed Social results of the war –  Armies robbed, raped and murdered their way back and forth across Germany  Lack of any modern supply system meant that they had to live off the land  Entire generation grew up accepting violence and brutality as normal  Fragmentation of the Empire into practically independent states hampered economic recovery

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Europe after the Peace of Westphalia, 1648.

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 The Consolidation of Sovereign States Emperor Charles V (r ) attempts to revive Holy Roman Empire as strong center of Europe  Through marriage, political alliances  Ultimately fails Protestant Reformation provides cover for local princes to assert greater independence Foreign opposition from France, Ottoman Empire  Unlike China, India, Ottoman Empire, Europe does not develop as single empire, rather individual states  Charles V abdicates to monastery in Spain

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Sixteenth-century Europe

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 The New Monarchs Italy well-developed as economic power through trade, manufacturing, finance Yet England, France, and Spain surge ahead in 16 th century, innovative new tax revenues  England: Henry VIII Fines and fees for royal services; confiscated monastic holdings  France: Louis XI, Francis I New taxes on sales, salt trade

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 The Spanish Inquisition Founded by Fernando and Isabel in 1478 Original task: search for secret Christian practitioners of Judaism or Islam, later search for Protestants  Spread to Spanish holdings outside Iberian peninsula in western hemisphere Imprisonment, executions  Intimidated nobles who might have considered Protestantism  Archbishop of Toledo imprisoned

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 Constitutional States England and Netherlands develop institutions of popular representation  England: constitutional monarchy  Netherlands: republic English Civil War,  Begins with opposition to royal taxes  Religious elements: Anglican church favors complex ritual, complex church hierarchy, opposed by Calvinist Puritans  King Charles I and parliamentary armies clash  King loses, is beheaded in 1649

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 The Glorious Revolution ( ) Puritans take over, becomes a dictatorship Monarchy restored in 1660, fighting resumes Resolution with bloodless coup called Glorious Revolution King James II deposed, daughter Mary and husband William of Orange take throne  Shared governance between crown and parliament

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Results of the Glorious Revolution  Establishment of parliamentary sovereignty over the crown  “Bill of Rights” Denied the king’s right to suspend acts of Parliament or interfere with the ordinary course of justice Furnished a base for the steady expansion of civil liberties in the generation after 1688 Religious toleration and freedom from arbitrary arrest were established by law Censorship of the press was quietly dropped  The king had to summon Parliament every year because he could not pay or control his armed forces without parliamentary consent  The struggle for control was no longer between king and parliament but between factions (Whigs & Tories)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Absolute Monarchies Theory of Divine Right of Kings French absolutism designed by Cardinal Richelieu (under King Louis XIII, )  Destroyed castles of nobles, crushed aristocratic conspiracies  Built bureaucracy to bolster royal power base  Ruthlessly attacked Calvinists

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Louis XIV (The “Sun King,” ) L’état, c’est moi: “I am the State.” Magnificent palace at Versailles, 1670s, becomes his court  Largest building in Europe  1,400 fountains  25,000 fully grown trees transplanted Power centered in court, important nobles pressured to maintain presence

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Versailles

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 The European States System No imperial authority to mediate regional disputes Peace of Westphalia (1648) after Thirty Years’ War European states to be recognized as sovereign and equal  Religious, other domestic affairs protected Warfare continues: opposition to French expansion, Seven Years’ War Balance of Power tenuous Innovations in military technology proceed rapidly