Science, Systems, Matter, and Energy Review Session Brian Kaestner Review Session Brian Kaestner

Fig. 3.3, p. 46 Good accuracy and good precision Poor accuracy and poor precision Poor accuracy and good precision

Matter Quality and Material Efficiency  High-quality matter  Low-quality matter  Entropy  Material efficiency (resource productivity) High Quality Solid Salt Coal Gasoline Aluminum can Low Quality Gas Solution of salt in water Coal-fired power plant emissions Automobile emissions Aluminum ore Fig. 3.9, p. 57

The Law of Conservation of Matter  Matter is not consumed  Matter only changes form  There is no “away”

Matter and Pollution  Chemical nature of pollutants  Concentration  Persistence  Degradable (nonpersistent) pollutants  Biodegradable pollutants  Slowly degradable (persistent) pollutants  Nondegradable pollutants

Energy: Forms  Kinetic energy  Potential energy  Heat Sun High energy, short wavelength Low energy, long wavelength Ionizing radiation Nonionizing radiation Cosmic rays Gamma rays X rays Far ultraviolet waves Near ultraviolet waves Visible waves Near infrared waves Far infrared waves microwaves TV waves Radio waves Wavelength in meters (not to scale) Fig. 3.10, p. 58

Energy: Quality  High-quality energy  Low-quality energy Electricity Very high temperature heat (greater than 2,500°C) Nuclear fission (uranium) Nuclear fusion (deuterium) Concentrated sunlight High-velocity wind High-temperature heat (1,000–2,500°C) Hydrogen gas Natural gas Gasoline Coal Food Normal sunlight Moderate-velocity wind High-velocity water flow Concentrated geothermal energy Moderate-temperature heat (100–1,000°C) Wood and crop wastes Dispersed geothermal energy Low-temperature heat (100°C or lower) Very high High Moderate Low Source of Energy Relative Energy Quality (usefulness) Energy tasks Very high-temperature heat (greater than 2,500°C) for industrial processes and producing electricity to run electrical devices (lights, motors) Mechanical motion (to move vehicles and other things) High-temperature heat (1,000–2,500°C) for industrial processes and producing electricity Moderate-temperature heat (100–1,000°C) for industrial processes, cooking, producing steam, electricity, and hot water Low-temperature heat (100°C or less) for space heating Fig. 3.11, p. 59

The First Ironclad Law of Energy  Energy is neither created nor destroyed  Energy only changes form  You can’t get something for nothing First Law of Thermodynamics (Energy) ENERGY IN = ENERGY OUT

The Second Ironclad Law of Energy Second Law of Thermodynamics  In every transformation, some energy is converted to heat  You cannot break even in terms of energy quality

Nuclear Changes  Natural radioactive decay  Radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes)  Gamma rays  Alpha particles  Beta particles  Half life  Ionizing radiation Sheet of paper Block of wood Concrete wall Alpha Beta Gamma Fig. 3.12, p. 62

Nuclear Reactions Fission Fusion Fig. 3.17, p. 64Fig. 3.16, p. 64 FuelReaction ConditionsProducts D-T Fusion Hydrogen-2 or deuterium nucleus Hydrogen-3 or tritium nucleus Hydrogen-2 or deuterium nucleus Hydrogen-2 or deuterium nucleus D-D Fusion Neutron Energy ++ Helium-4 nucleus ++ Helium-3 nucleus Energy Neutron million ˚C 1 billion ˚C Neutron Proton+ n U Kr Ba n n n Kr U U Ba Kr Ba Kr Ba n n n n n n n n U U U U n

Fig. 3.18, p. 66 Solar energy Waste heat Chemical energy (photosynthesis) Waste heat Waste heat Waste heat Chemical energy (food) Mechanical energy (moving, thinking, living)

Connections: Matter and Energy Laws and Environmental Problems  High-throughput (waste) economy  Matter-recycling economy  Low-throughput economy Inputs (from environment) High-quality energy Matter System Throughputs Output (intro environment) Unsustainable high-waste economy Low-quality heat energy Waste matter and pollution Fig. 3.19, p. 66 See Fig. 3.20, p. 67

Fig. 3.20, p. 67 Inputs (from environment) System Throughputs Outputs (from environment) High-quality energy Matter Pollution prevention by reducing matter throughput Sustainable low-waste economy Recycle and reuse Pollution control by cleaning up some pollutants Matter output Low-quality energy (heat) Waste matter and pollution Matter Feedback Energy Feedback