Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Chapter 5 Organizational Behavior Nelson & Quick, 6 th edition Motivation at Work

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Definition of Motivation Motivation - Motivation - the process of arousing and sustaining goal- directed behavior Photos courtesy of Clips Online ©2008 Microsoft Corporation

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Early Philosophers Internal Motivational Theories Max Weber – work contributes to salvation – Protestant work ethic Sigmund Freud - Psychoanalysis delve into the unconscious mind to better understand a person’s motives and needs

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Early Philosophers External Motivational Theories Adam Smith “Enlightened” self-interest; that which is in the best interest and benefit to the individual and to other people Technology is a labor productivity multiplier Frederick Taylor Founder of scientific management Emphasized cooperation between management and labor to enlarge profits

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Employee Recognition and Ownership Built on Smith and Taylor’s theories Emphasize external incentives Aimed at reducing turnover; building commitment “Feelings of ownership” increases organizational citizenship behavior (includes both psychological needs and external incentives) Employee Of the Month Photos courtesy of Clips Online ©2008 Microsoft Corporation

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs PhysiologicalSafety & Security Love (Social) Esteem SA Lowest to highest order Need hierarchy - theory that behavior is determined by a progression of physical, social, and psychological needs

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Motivational Theories X & Y Theory X A set of assumptions of how to manage individuals who are motivated by lower order needs Theory Y A set of assumptions of how to manage individuals who are motivated by higher order needs.

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Human Needs, Theory X, and Theory Y Theory X Physiological Safety & Security Theory Y Love (Social) Esteem SA

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Naturally indolent Lack ambition, dislike responsibility, and prefer to be led Inherently self-centered and indifferent to organizational needs Naturally resistant to change Gullible, not bright, ready dupes SOURCE: Adapted from Table 5.1 which is from “The Human Side of Enterprise” by Douglas M. McGregor, reprinted from Management Review, November Copyright 1957 American Management Association International. Reprinted by permission of American Management Association International, New York, NY. All rights reserved. McGregor’s Assumptions About People Based on Theory X Photos courtesy of Clips Online ©2008 Microsoft Corporation

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Passive and resistant behaviors not inherent: result of organizational experience People possess –Motivation –Development potential –Capacity for assuming responsibility –Readiness to direct behavior toward organizational goals McGregor’s Assumptions About People Based on Theory Y SOURCE: Adapted from Table 5.1 which is from “The Human Side of Enterprise” by Douglas M. McGregor, reprinted from Management Review, November Copyright 1957 American Management Association International. Reprinted by permission of American Management Association International, New York, NY. All rights reserved. Photos courtesy of Clips Online ©2008 Microsoft Corporation

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved McGregor’s Assumptions About People Based on Theory Y Management’s task - arrange conditions and operational methods so people can achieve their own goals by directing efforts to organizational goals SOURCE: Adapted from Table 5.1 which is from “The Human Side of Enterprise” by Douglas M. McGregor, reprinted from Management Review, November Copyright 1957 American Management Association International. Reprinted by permission of American Management Association International, New York, NY. All rights reserved. Organization’s goals Individual’s goals

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Alderfer’s ERG Theory Existence Relatedness Growth Physiological Safety & Security Love (Social) Esteem SA

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved McClelland’s Need Theory: Need for Achievement Need for Achievement - Need for Achievement - a manifest (easily perceived) need that concerns individuals’ issues of excellence, competition, challenging goals, persistence, and overcoming difficulties Photos courtesy of Clips Online ©2008 Microsoft Corporation

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved McClelland’s Need Theory: Need for Power Need for Power - Need for Power - a manifest (easily perceived) need that concerns an individual’s need to make an impact on others, influence others, change people or events, and make a difference in life Photos courtesy of Clips Online ©2008 Microsoft Corporation

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved McClelland’s Need Theory: Need for Affiliation Need for Affiliation - Need for Affiliation - a manifest (easily perceived) need that concerns an individual’s need to establish and maintain warm, close, intimate relationships with other people Photos courtesy of Clips Online ©2008 Microsoft Corporation

Self-actualization 3 Motivational Need Theories MaslowAlderferMcClelland HigherOrderNeeds LowerOrderNeeds Esteemselfinterpersonal Safety & Security interpersonal physical Need for Achievement Power Relatedness Affiliation Existence Growth Belongingness (social & love) Physiological McGregor Theory Y Theory X Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory Motivation Factor - work condition related to the satisfaction of the need for psychological growth –job enrichment –leads to superior performance & effort

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory Hygiene Factor - work condition related to dissatisfaction caused by discomfort or pain –maintenance factor –contributes to employee’s feeling not dissatisfied –contributes to absence of complaints

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Motivation-Hygiene Theory of Motivation Hygiene factors avoid job dissatisfaction Company policy & administration Supervision Interpersonal relations Working conditions Salary Status Security SOURCE: Adapted from Frederick Herzberg, The Managerial Choice: To be Efficient or to Be Human. (Salt Lake City: Olympus, 1982). Reprinted by permission. Achievement Achievement recognition Work itself Responsibility Advancement Growth Salary?Salary? Motivation factors increase job satisfaction

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Motivation-Hygiene Combinations (Motivation = M, Hygiene = H)

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Questions on Herzberg’s Theory Is salary a hygiene or a motivational factor? What role do individual differences (age, sex, social status, education) play? What role do intrinsic job factors (work flow process) play?

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved New Ideas in Human Motivation: Eustress, Strength, Hope Eustress –Eustress – healthy, normal stress Opportunities Challenges Energy Obstacles Barriers Frustration

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved New Ideas in Human Motivation: Positive Energy & Full Engagement Management of Energy Expend Energy Renewal and Recovery Build Positive Energy

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Social Exchange & Equity Theory Equity theory focuses on individual- environment interaction Concerned with social processes Etzioni—calculated working relationships –Both parties have demands –Both parties make contributions –Expect fair, equitable, ethical treatment

Individual—Organizational Exchange Relationship Organizational goals Departmental objectives Job tasks Physiological needs Security needs Physical needs Company status Benefits Income Developmental potential Employee knowledge Employee skills and abilities IndividualOrganization Demands Contributions SOURCE: J. P. Campbell, M. D. Dunnette, E. E. Lawler, III. And K. E. Weick, Jr. Managerial Behavior. Performance and Effectiveness (New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., Reproduced with permission from McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Adam’s Theory of Inequity Inequity - Inequity - the situation in which a person perceives he or she is receiving less than he or she is giving, or is giving less than he or she is receiving

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Equity Outcomes = Outcomes Inputs Inputs NegativeOutcomes <Outcomes Inequity InputsInputs PositiveOutcomes >Outcomes Inequity InputsInputs Person Comparison other Equity and Inequity at Work

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Strategies for Resolution of Inequity Alter the person’s outcomes Alter the person’s inputs Alter the comparison other’s outputs Alter the comparison other’s inputs Change who is used as a comparison other Rationalize the inequity Leave the organizational situation

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved New Perspectives on Equity Theory Equity Sensitive I prefer an equity ratio equal to that of my comparison other Photos courtesy of Clips Online ©2008 Microsoft Corporation

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved New Perspectives on Equity Theory Benevolent I am comfortable with an equity ratio less than that of my comparison other Photos courtesy of Clips Online ©2008 Microsoft Corporation

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved New Perspectives on Equity Theory Entitled I am comfortable with an equity ratio greater than that of my comparison other Photos courtesy of Clips Online ©2008 Microsoft Corporation

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Expectancy Theory of Motivation: Key Constructs Valence - Valence - value or importance placed on a particular reward Expectancy - Expectancy - belief that effort leads to performance Instrumentality - Instrumentality - belief that performance is related to rewards

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Expectancy Model of Motivation PerformanceReward Effort Perceived effort - performance probability Perceived value of rewards Perceived performance - reward probability “What are my chances of getting the job done if I put forth the necessary effort?” “What are my chances of getting the rewards I value if I satisfactorily complete the job?” “What rewards do I value?”

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved 3 Causes of Motivational Problems Belief that effort will not result in performance Belief that performance will not result in rewards The value a person places on, or the preference a person has for, certain rewards

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Moral Maturity Moral Maturity - Moral Maturity - the measure of a person’s cognitive moral development Morally mature people behave and act based on universal ethical principles. Morally immature people behave and act based on egocentric motivations. Photos courtesy of Clips Online ©2008 Microsoft Corporation

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Cultural Differences Motivational theories are culturally bound Research results differ among cultures Photos courtesy of Clips Online ©2008 Microsoft Corporation

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Ways to Motivate People Training Coaching Task assignments Rewards contingent on good performance Valued rewards available Photos courtesy of Clips Online ©2008 Microsoft Corporation

Copyright ©2009 South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning All rights reserved Chapter 5: Reflect & Discuss For Love of the Game Video Clip What to Watch for and Ask Yourself At what level are Billy Chapel’s esteem needs at this point in the game? Do you expect Gus Sinski’s talk to have any effect on Chapel? If it will, what effect do you expect it to have? What rewards potentially exist for Billy Chapel? Remember, this is the last baseball game of his career.