1 Macromolecules copyright cmassengale

2 Homeostasis Keeping The Internal Environment Of The Cell or Organism Within The Ranges Required For Life Stable internal conditions of pH, temperature, water balance, etc. copyright cmassengale

3 Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBONCompounds that contain CARBON are called….. Macromoleculesorganic moleculesMacromolecules are large organic molecules. copyright cmassengale

4 Carbon (C) Carbon4 electronsCarbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carboncovalent bonds 4Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). C, H, O or NUsually with C, H, O or N. Example:CH 4 (methane)Example:CH 4 (methane) copyright cmassengale

5 Macromolecules or Biomolecules Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules. POLYMERSAlso called POLYMERS. MONOMERSMade up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. Examples:Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) copyright cmassengale

6 Carbohydrates CHO copyright cmassengale

7 Carbohydrates Function: Primary Source of EnergyFunction: Primary Source of Energy Our bodies use sugar like fuel (energy)Our bodies use sugar like fuel (energy) copyright cmassengale

8 Carbohydrates Monomer Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples:glucose ( Examples:glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) glucose copyright cmassengale

9 Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: –Sucrose (glucose+fructose) –Lactose (glucose+galactose) –Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucoseglucose copyright cmassengale

10 Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples:starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose copyright cmassengale

11 Lipids CHO copyright cmassengale

12Lipids not soluble in waterare not soluble in water. Remember:“stores the most energy”Remember: “stores the most energy” Examples:1. FatsExamples:1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes copyright cmassengale

13 Lipids Elements -Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen CHO Main Function of lipids: Long term energy storage copyright cmassengale

14 Monomer of Lipids Triglycerides: c1 glycerol3 fatty acids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = copyright cmassengale

15 Fatty Acids fatty acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - CH 3 = unsaturated copyright cmassengale

16 Proteins CHON copyright cmassengale

17 Proteins (Polypeptides) Elements -Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen CHON copyright cmassengale

18 Proteins (Polypeptides) Elements -Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen-functions: -Transport: hemoglobin -Movement:muscles -Structural:membranes, hair, nails -Enzymes:cellular reactions copyright cmassengale

19 Monomer of Proteins peptide bonds (straight chains) Amino acids- bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) copyright cmassengale

20 Nucleic Acids CHONP copyright cmassengale

21 Nucleic Acids Function: –Contain all Heredity (Genetic) Material copyright cmassengale

22 Nucleic Acids Monomer: –Nucleotides copyright cmassengale

23 Nucleic Acids Monomer: –Nucleotides copyright cmassengale

24 Monomer of Nucleic Acids: Nucleotide O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose) copyright cmassengale

25 Nucleic Acids Two types:Two types:a.DNAb.RNA copyright cmassengale

26 Nucleic acids Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include: phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G) copyright cmassengale

27 DNA - double helix P P P O O O P P P O O O G C TA copyright cmassengale

Hypothesis A testable statement that begins an experiment copyright cmassengale28

Biology The study of life copyright cmassengale29

Solvent Does the dissolving ex. Water copyright cmassengale30

Solute What is being disolved copyright cmassengale31

Solution A mixture of two or more substances copyright cmassengale32

Enzymes Are proteins Are catalysts Work best at certain temperatures and pH copyright cmassengale33

Catalyst Speeds up chemical reactions copyright cmassengale34

Decrease Enzymes _____ the amount of energy needed copyright cmassengale35

Cohesive/surface tension Spiders can walk on water because water is copyright cmassengale36