Chapter 6 Section 6.3 Organic Compounds in Living Things

Organic Compounds Contain Carbon Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds Single Bonds C-C Double Bonds C=C Triple Bonds C = C This property allows for a lot of different structures

Isomers Same formula but different structure Example text (Page 158) Glucose and Fructose – Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 – Fructose C 6 H

Carbon Compounds Compounds vary in size. Largest=Macromolecule is formed by binding small molecules together to form chains called polymers.

Example of Macromolecule Monomers Polymers Macromolecules

Making a Polymer Bonding together…..Water H 2 O is removed – This process is called Condensation. Example: - H- OH- -

Breaking down a polymer When a polymer is broken down, water is added. This process is called Hydrolysis. This process takes places during digestion of food molecules.

Most common organic compounds in living things Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Ratio of 2 hydrogen for every oxygen Example: Glucose C 6 H

Simplest Carbohydrate 1.Monosaccharide: Examples: Glucose Fructose Functions: Energy Source 2.Disaccharides(2 carbon sugar) 2 monosaccharide’s linked together Example: Glucose + Fructose=Sucrose

3. Largest Polysaccharide 1.Starch-Energy storage in plants Examples: potatoes, corn 2.Cellulose- found in plants, gives cell walls support 3. Glycogen-Animals store food 4.Chitin-exoskeleton of arthropods (insects, spiders, lobsters)

Lipids (Fats, Oils and Waxes) Made up of C, H, O Large ration of Carbon to hydrogen Example: Beef Fat: C 57 H 110 O 6

Basic Units Fatty Acids Glycerol Phospholipids

Main Sub-Groups Lipids with fatty acids: 1. Glycerides- fats and oils 2. Phospholids-cell membrane 3. Waxes- Bees wax and cutin (leaf) Lipids without fatty acids: 1. Cholesterol- found in cell membrane, precursor of many steroids and vitamins

Lipids Fats are insoluble in water Cells use lipids for long term storage Unsaturated Fats are double bonded and liquid at room temperature Saturated Fats are single bonds and usually are solid at room temperature.

Proteins Proteins are composed of C, H, O, N 20 common amino acids (Basic Units) Linked together by condensation Peptide bonds holds amino acids together Example: AA AA AA

Two Main Sub Groups 1. Fibrous Proteins Keratin-found in hair, nails, feathers, hooves Collagen-Connective tissue( tendons, muscle)

Two main sub groups 2. Globular Proteins- 1. Enzymes-Organic Catalysts( proteins that speed up or slow down chemical reactions) 2. Hemoglobin-O 2 carrier in red blood cells 3. Insulin-maintains sugar level in blood 4. Antibodies-defense mechanism

Nucleic Acids Made up of C, H, O, N, P Basic Unit --Nucleotides 2 Basic Types: 1. DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid -master copy of an organism -determines what you look like -composed of four nitrogen bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

Nucleic Acids 2.RNA- Ribonucleic Acid -RNA is made from DNA -composed of four nitrogen bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil Other examples: ATP, ADP-energy carriers