Biowaste Disposal and Utilization John Scanga Center for Red Meat Safety Department of Animal Sciences Colorado State University John Scanga Center for Red Meat Safety Department of Animal Sciences Colorado State University

Historical Events of Importance  1989 USDA Banned the Import of Live Ruminants from the UK and Other Countries with Known Cases of BSE  1997 FDA Bans Feeding of Most Mammalian Proteins to Ruminants  1999 USDA Publishes the Scrapie Eradication Program  2001 Europe Faces Widespread FMD outbreak  2002 USDA Tested 19,900 Cattle Using Targeted Surveillance  May 20, 2003, Canada Announced the Discovery of One Positive Case of BSE  December 23, 2003, USDA Announced the Discovery of One Positive Case of BSE in Washington  1989 USDA Banned the Import of Live Ruminants from the UK and Other Countries with Known Cases of BSE  1997 FDA Bans Feeding of Most Mammalian Proteins to Ruminants  1999 USDA Publishes the Scrapie Eradication Program  2001 Europe Faces Widespread FMD outbreak  2002 USDA Tested 19,900 Cattle Using Targeted Surveillance  May 20, 2003, Canada Announced the Discovery of One Positive Case of BSE  December 23, 2003, USDA Announced the Discovery of One Positive Case of BSE in Washington

Risks from chemicals  Euthanasia agents pentobarbital  Antimicrobials  Pesticides  Predator control compounds 1080 strychnine  Euthanasia agents pentobarbital  Antimicrobials  Pesticides  Predator control compounds 1080 strychnine

Agents of Concern  Bacteria Anthrax Clostridial organisms Salmonella spp. E. coli O157:H7 Listeria monocytogenes  Bacteria Anthrax Clostridial organisms Salmonella spp. E. coli O157:H7 Listeria monocytogenes  Viruses Foreign disease viruses Cryptosporidia Giardia  Viruses Foreign disease viruses Cryptosporidia Giardia  Fungal Diseases Blastomycosis Cryptococcosis Coccidioidomycosis Aspergillosis  Fungal Diseases Blastomycosis Cryptococcosis Coccidioidomycosis Aspergillosis  TSE’s CWD Scrapie BSE  TSE’s CWD Scrapie BSE

Risks From Carcasses  Transfer of disease Humans Animals – livestock, wildlife, pets Environment  Maintenance of disease in populations  Contamination Air Water Soil  Transfer of disease Humans Animals – livestock, wildlife, pets Environment  Maintenance of disease in populations  Contamination Air Water Soil

Livestock Mortalities in the U.S. Number (1,000)Weight (1,000 lbs) Dairy Cattle ,227.3 Beef Cattle3,327.81,482,952.5 Hogs17, ,655.2 Sheep ,957.0 Lambs ,923.6 Goats65.04,225.0 Total Mammalian22,892.22,977,940.6 Total Poultry82, ,629.7 TOTAL1,053,457,00033,245,704,000 Number (1,000)Weight (1,000 lbs) Dairy Cattle ,227.3 Beef Cattle3,327.81,482,952.5 Hogs17, ,655.2 Sheep ,957.0 Lambs ,923.6 Goats65.04,225.0 Total Mammalian22,892.22,977,940.6 Total Poultry82, ,629.7 TOTAL1,053,457,00033,245,704,000 Source: Sparks Companies, Inc., 2002

The Issues in Colorado US Statistics for 2000 (Sparks Companies, 2002) 22.9 million Cattle, Hogs, Sheep and Goats 3.0 billion pounds of mammalian livestock mortalities Colorado Estimates by Phelps et al. (2003) 205,800 head/month million lb/month US Statistics for 2000 (Sparks Companies, 2002) 22.9 million Cattle, Hogs, Sheep and Goats 3.0 billion pounds of mammalian livestock mortalities Colorado Estimates by Phelps et al. (2003) 205,800 head/month million lb/month Estimated annual volume of dead livestock in Colorado (NASS, 2001) InventoryMortalityPotential Volume Cattle3,150,0003 – 6 %94,500 – 189,000 Hogs840,0003 – 6 %25,000 – 50,400 Sheep420,0007 – 10 %29,400 – 42,000 Horses145,0003 – 5 %4,350 – 7,250

Cost Estimates for Disposal Rendering (Pre-1997)(Post-1997) Cattle & Calves ($/hd)$8.25$24.11 Weaned Hogs ($/hd) $7.00$11.53 Pre-Weaned Hogs ($/hd) $0.50$0.70 Other ($/hd) $7.00$9.61 Operating Costs ($1,000)$93,470$194,470 Source: Sparks Companies, Inc., 2002

“What types of Bio-waste do you most commonly produce?” n=237 % of Respondents

“What is the current destination of the Bio-waste you produce?” N=205 SOURCE: Phelps et al., 2003 % of Respondents

Cost Estimates for Disposal BurialIncinerationComposting Cattle & Calves ($/hd)$10.63$9.33$30.34 Weaned Hogs ($/hd) $12.45$4.09$14.04 Pre-Weaned Hogs ($/hd) $2.01$0.30$1.02 Other ($/hd) $1.51$0.29$0.98 Operating Costs ($1,000)$109,898$57,879$191,643 Fixed Costs ($1,000)N/A$1,379,646$2,146,116 Source: Sparks Companies, Inc., 2002

Chemical Digestion

Cost Consideration- Installation  Digester Unit – approximately $400,000 for a 2000 lb unit  Installation costs – Approximately $500,000 for steam generator, steam hook-ups, sewer hook-ups, enclosure, room remodels, electrical hook-ups  Effluent handling system--$100,000 - $500,000  Total > $1,000,000  Digester Unit – approximately $400,000 for a 2000 lb unit  Installation costs – Approximately $500,000 for steam generator, steam hook-ups, sewer hook-ups, enclosure, room remodels, electrical hook-ups  Effluent handling system--$100,000 - $500,000  Total > $1,000,000 SOURCE: Powers, 2003

Cost Consideration - Operation  Steam, water, electricity ($0.01/lb)  Chemicals (NaOH/KOH) ($0.02/lb)  Personnel (4 hours/day for 2 cycles) ($0.04/lb)  Sewer costs ($0.07/lb)  Maintenance/Service/Repair ($0.02/lb)  Total operation ($0.16/lb)  Steam, water, electricity ($0.01/lb)  Chemicals (NaOH/KOH) ($0.02/lb)  Personnel (4 hours/day for 2 cycles) ($0.04/lb)  Sewer costs ($0.07/lb)  Maintenance/Service/Repair ($0.02/lb)  Total operation ($0.16/lb) SOURCE: Powers, 2003

Incineration Set-Up Cost $85,000 Capacity hd/24 hours 1 lb of fuel/1 lb of carcass ° C SOURCE: Colorado Department of Agriculture

Anaerobic Digestion

Cost of Anaerobic Digestion Compared to Covered Lagoon SystemConstruction CostElectricity Savings Single Cell$301,500$0 Double Cell$357,500$0 Covered Single Cell$476,500$0 Covered Double Cell$473,500$0 Single Cell w/75kW Genset$375,000~$40,000 Retrofit Lagoon$250,000~$40,000 SOURCE: Lewis, 2003

Composting

Land filling or Burial

TDP End Products Water 45% Minerals and Coke 6% Organic Liquor/Oil 44% Gas 5% SOURCE: Halberstadt, 2003