Biomolecules – Part 2 Carbohydrates and Proteins

Carbohydrates I.Main function in cell: A.quick energy; B.main component of cell walls II.Main dietary sources: A.Foods high in sugar B.Wheat, oats, rice C.Potatoes and other starchy vegetables

Carbohydrates I.Common elements A.Made of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO) in a 1:2:1 ratio of atoms II.Monomer A.Monosaccharide 1.Mono = one & saccaride = sugar B.Examples: glucose (shown), fructose, galactose

Carbohydrates I. Disaccharide: two sugar unit A.Chemical Formula: C 12 H 22 O 11 B.Example: 1.Sucrose – glucose + fructose = table sugar 2.Maltose – glucose + glucose = malt 3.Lactose – glucose + galactose = milk sugar

Carbohydrates I. Polysaccharide: many sugar units; known as a complex carbohydrate, or complex sugar A.Examples: 1.Starch (bread, potatoes) – stored in plants; 100s of glucose 2.Glycogen (beef muscle) – stored in liver and muscle of animals; maintains blood and sugar levels and generates ATP for muscle contraction 3.Cellulose (lettuce, corn) – in cell walls of plants; gives structural support to plants

Proteins I.Main function in cell: A.Growth and repair B.Drives chemical reactions (enzymes) II.Main dietary sources: A.Seafood and meats B.Milk and other dairy products C.Eggs and beans

Proteins (Polypeptides) I.Common elements: A.Made of: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (CHON) II.Monomer A.Amino Acid 1.Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things boded to it: 2.The R group is a specific side chain that gives each amino acid its properties.

I.Amino acids (20 different kinds) bonded together by peptide bonds. II.Look for repeating units of: N-C-C-N_C-C-N-C-C (known as a protein backbone) aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa) Proteins (Polypeptides)

I.Six functions of proteins: 1.Storage: albumin (egg white) 2.Transport: hemoglobin 3.Regulatory: hormones 4.Movement:muscles 5.Structural:membranes, hair, nails 6.Enzymes: cellular reactions