Outline Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons History History Compare to Linear Accelerators Compare to Linear Accelerators Schematic Views Schematic Views Theory of Circular Accelerators Theory of Circular Accelerators Development of Synchrotron Development of Synchrotron Advantages over Cyclotron Advantages over Cyclotron Schematic View Schematic View Conclusion Conclusion Future of Synchrotrons Future of Synchrotrons Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Applications of Synchrotron Radiation

History Cyclotron conceived by E. Lawrence in 1929 Cyclotron conceived by E. Lawrence in 1929 Ions accelerated using radial magnetic force Ions accelerated using radial magnetic force Less voltage needed than in linear accelerators Less voltage needed than in linear accelerators More compact More compact Synchrocyclotron developed in 1950s Synchrocyclotron developed in 1950s Relativistic mass increase Relativistic mass increase Synchrotron invented soon thereafter Synchrotron invented soon thereafter Varying magnetic field Varying magnetic field Cheaper and Easier Cheaper and Easier

Linear Accelerator  Compare to a circular accelerator  Much higher voltage needed  Not cost-effective

Alternating E-field Top View Side View Cyclotron Schematic Ejected ions Uniform B-field region Injected ions

v The Cyclotron Period is independent of velocity Period is independent of velocity Particle steered by magnet Particle steered by magnet Moves in larger circles in equal amounts of time Moves in larger circles in equal amounts of time Gains more & more energy Gains more & more energy Accelerates to large energies without large voltages Accelerates to large energies without large voltages Energy limits- disk size, B-field strength ~~ 100 MeV Energy limits- disk size, B-field strength ~~ 100 MeV B F= ma q(v×B)= mv 2 / r For circular orbits, q(v×B)= qvB r= mv/qB ω= v/ r= qB/m F  ”cyclotron frequency” f=ω/2  = qB/2  m

Synchrocyclotron An augmented cyclotron An augmented cyclotron Particles in cyclotrons gain mass due to relativity Particles in cyclotrons gain mass due to relativity Increases period each revolution Increases period each revolution “frequency modulation” “frequency modulation”

universe-review.ca/Synchrotron Notice: particles travel in a ring, not a disk

Synchrotrons Magnetic field gradually increases as energy increases Magnetic field gradually increases as energy increases Particles accelerated in a ring, not a disk Particles accelerated in a ring, not a disk Allows for cheaper construction Allows for cheaper construction

Conclusion The Future of Synchrotrons The Future of Synchrotrons Energies up to 1000 GeV Energies up to 1000 GeV Behavior of the nucleus Behavior of the nucleus The Strong Force The Strong Force Quarks Quarks Matter-antimatter collisions Matter-antimatter collisions Synchrotron Radiation Synchrotron Radiation “Unwanted” byproduct “Unwanted” byproduct Applications Applications Surface Imaging Surface Imaging Semiconductor manufacture Semiconductor manufacture Quicker computer processors Quicker computer processors

References ticle3/ ticle3/