Credit: Henry Gertzman Draft 5: 2/1/2011 Types of Matter & Energy Dark Matter (~23%) [not well understood] Dark Energy (~73%) [not well understood] Ordinary Matter *1 (~4%) Fermions (half-integer spin = 1/2, 3/2) (obey the exclusion principle) [matter particles] charged leptons Leptons (do not feel the strong force) quarks Baryons (qqq) (e.g., protons, neutrons) Bosons (integer spin = 0, 1, 2) (no exclusion principle) Hadrons (feel the strong force ) Mesons (qq) Electromagnetic Weak Nuclear Gravity Strong Nuclear u c t d s b νeνe νμνμ ντντ e μ τ 8 gluons G W -, Z 0, W + γ Force ForceCarriers Antimatter *2 (~0%) III II I Generation neutral leptons (neutrinos)

Credit: Henry Gertzman Draft 6: 2/1/2011 Types of Matter & Energy Dark Matter (~23%) [not well understood] Dark Energy (~73%) [not well understood] Ordinary Matter *1 (~4%) Fermions (half-integer spin = 1/2, 3/2) (obey the exclusion principle) [matter particles] Bosons (integer spin = 0, 1, 2) (no exclusion principle) quarks Hadrons (feel the strong force ) neutral leptons (neutrinos) charged leptons νeνe νμνμ ντντ e μ τ Leptons (do not feel the strong force) Baryons (qqq) Mesons (qq) Electromagnetic Weak Nuclear Gravity Strong Nuclear 8 g G W -, Z 0, W + γ Force ForceCarriers Electric Chg /3 -1/ Spin 1/2 1/2 1/2, 3/2 1/2, 3/2 0, u c t d s b e.g. p protons (uud) n neutrons (udd) *3*4*5 III II I Generation *5 Antimatter *2 (~0%)

Notes *1The ~4% of Ordinary Matter is made up of : ~3.6% Nonluminous interstellar gas ~0.4% Luminous matter (stars, nebula & galaxies, including planets, moons & people) All particles listed in the Chart have been observed experimentally (with the exception of the graviton, G). *2Antimatter is made up of antiquarks and antileptons (u, d, s, c, b, t, e, μ, τ, ν e, ν μ, ν τ ). Neutral force carrier bosons are their own antiparticle, and the W + and W - bosons are antiparticles of each other. Although antimatter is easily created, it quickly annihilates with ordinary matter. There appears to be little antimatter present in the universe. *3All of the stable ordinary matter in the universe is made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons (p,n,e). The neutron is stable only when confined within a nucleus. (an isolated neutron has a half-life of about 10 minutes.) *4There are 12 elementary particles: 6 quarks, 6 leptons, all arranged in 3 generations. Only members of the first generation are stable (u,d,e). There are 4 forces, each with its own carrier particles, also displayed in yellow. *5Each quark has a “color charge”, which are called red, green, and blue. Each gluon has a color charge and an anticolor charge. Draft 6: 2/1/2011 Credit: Henry Gertzman