North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC (919) Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting Workshop April 8, 2009 Raleigh, NC 1

North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC (919) Instructors Sushma Masemore ( ) Madeleine Strum ( ) Tammy Manning ( ) 2

North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC (919) What Is This Workshop About? DAQs not-yet-effective GHG reporting rule For which we are encouraging voluntary GHG reporting of 2008 emissions EPAs recently proposed mandatory GHG reporting rule This workshop is about these rules, plus: Background GHG information Calculations Voluntary reporting 3

North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC (919) Outline Part 1: Background Part 2: GHG Reporting Rules (DAQ and EPA Proposed) Part 3: Calculation Methods Part 4: Demonstration-- How to Report to DAQ Using AERO 4

North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC (919) PART 1 Background Information on Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) 5

North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC (919) Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Methane (CH 4 ) Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF 6 ) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Other Fluorinated Gases 6

North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC (919) GHGs (contd) Few facilities will emit HFCs, PFCs, SF 6, other fluorinated gases High tech firms (electronics), plastic foam manufacturing, and electricity distribution systems Facilities may use these as replacements to ozone-depleting phased-out chemicals (CFCs and HCFCs) Refrigerants Plastic foam Solvents Aerosols 7

North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC (919) Substances Not Included Other GHGs and aerosols have climatic warming effects that are not included CFCs, HCFCs other ozone depleters– Being phased out HCFC-22 or R-22 is a common example Water vapor – not considered an anthropogenic forcing agent of climate change Tropospheric ozone (smog) – covered as a public health issue Black Carbon – uncertainty/covered by other programs 8

North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC (919) CO 2 Equivalent (CO 2 e) GHG Emissions usually reported in metric tons of CO 2 e metric tons CO 2 e = tonnes CO 2 e = mtCO 2 e = 1000 kilograms CO 2 e 1 metric ton = ton (short) where, 1 short ton = 2,000 pounds DAQs reporting system AERO is programmed to only accept short tons at this time (2008 emissions voluntary reporting), but will convert emissions to metric tonnes in summary output. 9

North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC (919) CO 2 e: Carbon Dioxide Equivalent CO 2 is the most abundant GHG – used as the basis for quantifying all GHGs GHG emissions are converted to the equivalent amount of CO 2, hence carbon dioxide equivalent or CO 2 e Each GHG has a unique conversion factor for calculating CO 2 e The conversion factor is called the Global Warming Potential, or GWP GWP incorporates both the heat-trapping ability and atmospheric lifetime of each GHG, and is used to develop comparable numbers by adjusting all GHGs relative to the GWP of CO 2. Use 100 year time horizon values 10

North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC (919) Some GWPs CO 2 : GWP = 1 CH 4 : GWP = 21 N 2 O: GWP = 310 SF 6 : GWP = 23,900 HFCs and PFCs: multiple compounds, each has unique GWP E.g., HFC-134a, GWP = 1,300 11

North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC (919) Converting GHG Emissions Into CO 2 e Multiply amount of any GHG by its GWP to get CO 2 e CH 4 has a GWP of 21 1 mt CH 4 x 21 = 21 mtCO 2 e Another way to look at it: 1 unit of CH 4 has the same effect as 21 units of CO 2 12

North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC (919) Exercise: Which has the most CO 2 e? 100 metric tons CO tons CO metric tons CH metric tons N 2 0 * 1 mt/ ton = mt CO 2 e * 21 = 2,100 mt CO 2 e = 100 mt CO 2 e * 310 = 31,000 mt CO 2 e If a landfill generates 1,080 short tons of CH 4 (= 1,191 mtCH 4 ) then it generates 25,000 mtCO 2 e 25,000 metric tons is an important threshold in the proposed EPA rule for many facilities. 13

North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC (919) Biogenic CO 2 Vs. Anthropogenic CO 2 Biogenic CO 2 comes from combustion of biomass Biomass is non-fossilized and biodegradable organic material originating from plants, animals, and micro-organisms. wood, landfill gas, digestor gas, animal fat, black liquor solids from pulp mill… Biogenic CO 2 tracked separately from anthropogenic CO 2 CH 4, N 2 0, and the fluorinated gases are always anthropogenic 14

North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC (919) Direct, Indirect & Upstream Emissions Direct emissions refers to emissions from combustion devices and processes at a facility such as boilers, dryers, lime kilns, digesters, etc. Includes fugitive emissions. Indirect emissions means emissions associated with the purchase of electricity, heating, cooling or steam. Upstream emissions refers to the GHG emissions potential of a quantity of industrial gas or fossil fuel supplied into the economy. Mobile combustion emissions means emissions from mobile equipment such as cars, trucks, ships, trains and construction equipment. 15

North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC (919) Sources of Direct Emissions At A Facility Combustion Equipment Process Equipment Piping System Components Fugitive Leaks Some Emission Control Devices (flares, oxidizers)

North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC (919) Indirect Emissions Example Electric company operates a gas turbine generator Each MW generated results in 50 tons CO 2 A facility buying 20 MW/yr indirectly emits 20 x 50 = 1,000 tons/yr CO 2 You dont need to worry about Indirect Emissions for either North Carolina or EPA proposed rules. 17

North Carolina Division of Air Quality 1641 Mail Service Center - Raleigh, NC (919) Part 1 Discussion/Questions 18