Objectives Grasp the speed of change in art in our own time. Grasp the speed of change in art in our own time. Recognize the emergence of New York as a major cultural capital. Recognize the emergence of New York as a major cultural capital. Recognize the growth of "borderless" art. Recognize the growth of "borderless" art. Appreciate the extent to which much of the developments in art represent conversations of art with art. Appreciate the extent to which much of the developments in art represent conversations of art with art. Analyze the role that liberation movements (feminist, color, third world) have had on both art and patronage. Analyze the role that liberation movements (feminist, color, third world) have had on both art and patronage.

Historical Context United States and Soviet Union = Cold War United States and Soviet Union = Cold War Capitalism V. Communism Capitalism V. Communism –Policy of Containment Artists reflect state of humanity Artists reflect state of humanity –EXISTENTIALISM New York = The New Paris New York = The New Paris

Francis Bacon Draws on Expressionist work Draws on Expressionist work –Van Gogh –Munch –Picasso Took Diego Velazquez’s Pope Innocent X Took Diego Velazquez’s Pope Innocent X Figure in a claustrophobic box Figure in a claustrophobic box Black Void Black Void Slaughterhouses = Crucifixion Slaughterhouses = Crucifixion

Velazquez Bacon Head Surrounded by Sides of Beef Francis Bacon 1954

Abstract Expressionism NO identifiable subject matter NO identifiable subject matter Made New York art capital Made New York art capital Inspired by Surrealism Inspired by Surrealism Action Painting Action Painting Color Field Painting Color Field Painting

Two Categories for Abstract Expressionism: Action PaintingColor-Field Painting

Jackson Pollock: –Surrealism –Feelings –Drip Technique

He sometimes applied paint directly from the tube, and at times also used aluminum paint to achieve a glittery effect. His vigorous attack on the canvas and intense devotion to the very act of painting led to the term "action painting."

“On the floor I am more at ease, I feel nearer, more a part of the painting, since this way I can walk around in it, work from the four sides and be literally `in' the painting.” Jackson Pollock, Died in a drunk driving accident in 1956

Jackson Pollock, Blue Poles: Number 11, 1952.

Jackson Pollock, Lavender Mist: Number 1, 1950.

Jackson Pollock, Autumn Rhythm: Number 30, 1950.

Mark Rothko ( ) Emigrated to the United States from Russia in 1913 Part of the New York School Used bands of color as the only true means of capturing feeling

Rothko paintings on display

Mark Rothko, No.10, By 1950 Rothko had reduced the number of floating rectangles to two, three, or four and aligned them vertically against a colored ground, arriving at his signature style.

Mark Rothko, White Center, From that time on he would work almost invariably within this format, suggesting in numerous variations of color and tone an astonishing range of atmospheres and moods.

In 1954 he asked that his largest pictures be installed "so that they must be first encountered at close quarters, so that the first experience is to be within the picture."

Rothko after completing his painting, Black Square.

Helen Frankenthaler (1928-) Influenced by Pollock and Rothko

Post-painterly Abstraction was a new movement in painting which derived from the Abstract Expressionism of the 1940s and 1950s but "favored openness or clarity" as opposed to the dense painterly surfaces of that painting style. Helen Frankenthaler, Other Generations,1957. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM

The first Jackson Pollock show Frankenthaler saw was in She had this to say about seeing Pollock's paintings Autumn Rhythm, Number 30, 1950 (1950), Number One (1950), and Lavender Mist: "It was all there. I wanted to live in this land. I had to live there, and master the language." Helen Frankenthaler Seeing the Moon on a Hot Summer Day 1987 ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM

Helen Frankenthaler, Mountains and Sea,1952. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM

Pop Art Gained momentum in the 1950’s Gained momentum in the 1950’s Everyday materials Everyday materials Mass Popular Culture Mass Popular Culture Consumer Goods Consumer Goods Famous people Famous people

Featuring the work of: RICHARD HAMILTON JASPER JOHNS ROY LICHTENSTEIN ANDY WARHOL CLAES OLDENBURG

Abstract Expressionism Focused on elements rather than objects Pop Art Focused on recognizable objects Pop Art was originally a U.S. and British movement in the 1950s and 60s to react against Abstract Expressionism

Other Pop Art Influences Fast Food restaurants in the 1950’s turned sandwiches into a mass-produced item Television and Commercials made ordinary objects seem extraordinary! …Pop Art thus creates the beginnings of POSTMODERNISM

Richard Hamilton Helped to pioneer the pop art style Helped to pioneer the pop art style “Just What is it That Makes Today’s Homes So Different, So Appealing?” “Just What is it That Makes Today’s Homes So Different, So Appealing?” –Collage –Borrowed advertising slogan –Adam and Eve –Modern comfort, progress, and success

Just What Is It That Makes Today’s Homes So Different, So Appealing? Richard Hamilton 1956

Jasper Johns Known for assemblage (‘Junk’) Sculpture Considered himself a ‘Neo-Dadaist’ more than a Pop Artist Inspired by Duchamp

Jasper Johns Target With Four Faces 1955.

Jasper Johns, Flag, POP ART

Jasper Johns, 3 Flags POP ART

Jasper Johns, Detail of Flag, POP ART

Jasper Johns, White Flag, POP ART

Jasper Johns, Map, POP ART

Andy Warhol ( ) Commercial artist Celebrities and everyday objects Mass Produced

Andy Warhol, Campbell’s Soup Can, POP ART

What's great about this country is that America started the tradition where the richest consumers buy essentially the same things as the poorest. You can be watching TV and see Coca Cola, and you know that the President drinks Coca Cola, Liz Taylor drinks Coca Cola, and just think, you can drink Coca Cola, too. A coke is a coke and no amount of money can get you a better coke than the one the bum on the corner is drinking. All the cokes are the same and all the cokes are good. Liz Taylor knows it, the President knows it, the bum knows it, and you know it. The Philosophy of Andy Warhol: (From A to B and Back Again), 1975 Andy Warhol, Pete Rose, 1985.

POP ART

When you see something gruesome over and over, it tends to lose its effect. Andy Warhol Andy Warhol, 16 Jackies, 1964.

Andy Warhol, Self Portrait, POP ART

Andy Warhol, Green Marilyn, POP ART

Andy Warhol, Mick Jagger, POP ART

Roy Lichtenstein ( ) Created art with a COMIC-BOOK style Colors are basic, black- outlined Skin colors created with BENDAY DOTS… Just like the COMIC BOOKS!

Roy Lichtenstein, Temple of Apollo, POP ART

Roy Lichtenstein, Bedroom at Arles, Screenprint. POP ART

Roy LichtensteinVincent Van Gogh

Roy Lichtenstein, Go For Baroque, POP ART

Roy Lichtenstein Cubist Still Life with Playing Cards, POP ART

Roy Lichtenstein, House I, POP ART

Roy Lichtenstein, BMW 320i, POP ART

Roy Lichtenstein, Modern Room, POP ART

Roy Lichtenstein, Artist’s Studio (The Dance), POP ART

Claes Oldenburg (1929-) Known for creating large-scale versions of recognizable objects

Claes Oldenburg Softlight Switches, POP ART

Claes Oldenburg, Giant Hamburger, POP ART

Claes Oldenburg, Floor Cake, POP ART

Claes Oldenburg, Clothespin, POP ART

Claes Oldenburg, Spoonbridge and Cherry, POP ART

Claes Oldenburg, Corridor Pin, Blue, POP ART

Claes Oldenburg, Flying Pins, POP ART

OP Art Optical Art Optical Art Geometric Abstraction Geometric Abstraction Illusions Illusions Bridget Riley, Movement in Squares, OP ART

Op Art is derived from the constructivist practices of the Bauhaus. This German school, founded by Walter Gropius, stressed the relationship of form and function within a framework of analysis and rationality. Students were taught to focus on the overall design, or entire composition, in order to present unified works. When the Bauhaus was forced to close in 1933, many of its instructors fled to the United States where the movement took root in Chicago, where Anni and Josef Albers would come to teach. An optical illusion by Hungarian-born artist Victor Vasarely

Bridget Riley, Cataract 3, OP ART

Bridget Riley, Arrest 1, OP ART

Spiral Jetty Robert Smithson Robert Smithson Earth Art emerged in the 60’s-70’s Earth Art emerged in the 60’s-70’s –Ecological Issues = HOT TOPIC Landscape = Medium = Site Specific Landscape = Medium = Site Specific 1,500 ft. 1,500 ft. Great Salt Lake Great Salt Lake –Utah Spiral = Galaxies, Shells, DNA, etc… Spiral = Galaxies, Shells, DNA, etc…

Spiral Jetty Robert Smithson Salt Lake City, Utah 1969

Robert Smithson, 1969.

Sun Tunnels Four concrete tunnels Four concrete tunnels 18 ft. 18 ft. Ends aligned with points of horizon Ends aligned with points of horizon Sunsets and Solstices Sunsets and Solstices Patterns of the 4 constellations Patterns of the 4 constellations –Capricorn, Perseus, Draco, and Columbia

Nancy Holt, Sun Tunnels, EARTHWORKS

Vietnam Vet Memorial Maya Lin Maya Lin V-Shaped Monument V-Shaped Monument 60,000 Casualties of the Vietnam War listed in the order they were reported 60,000 Casualties of the Vietnam War listed in the order they were reported Points to Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument Points to Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument Black Granite = Reflective Black Granite = Reflective Influenced by the Minimalist movement Influenced by the Minimalist movement

Feminist Art Coincided with the Women’s Liberation movement in the late 60’s-70’s Coincided with the Women’s Liberation movement in the late 60’s-70’s Challenged dominance of men Challenged dominance of men Arts VS. Crafts Arts VS. Crafts

Faith Ringgold Born in Harlem in 1930 Stories on quilts related to African-American heritage (Great-great-great- grandmother was a slave) She is still a professor of Art at the University of California in San Diego

Faith Ringgold, Sunflower Quilting Bee at Arles, 1991.

Faith Ringgold, Dancing at the Louvre, 1991.

Faith Ringgold Tar Beach, 1988.

Faith Ringgold Tar Beach 2, 1990.

The Dinner Party Judy Chicago Judy Chicago Mixed Medium Installation Mixed Medium Installation Recognizes the accomplishments of women throughout history Recognizes the accomplishments of women throughout history Triangular Table Triangular Table 999 Notable women on the floor 999 Notable women on the floor 13 Place Settings on each side 13 Place Settings on each side –# Present at the Last Supper –# of witches in a coven Place Settings = Domesticity Place Settings = Domesticity Plates = Abstract forms of genitals Plates = Abstract forms of genitals –“That is all the women at the table had in common…”

Ana Mendieta Sent away from Cuba during the Cold War Sent away from Cuba during the Cold War Woman = Deeper identification with nature Woman = Deeper identification with nature Performance and Body Art Performance and Body Art Tree of Life Series = Maternal Source Tree of Life Series = Maternal Source

Cindy Sherman Made-up self in settings that quote well- known old movies Made-up self in settings that quote well- known old movies

The Liberation of Aunt Jemima Betye Saar Betye Saar Attacked stereotypes Attacked stereotypes Mixed Media Mixed Media “Mammy” “Mammy” The Liberation of Aunt Jemima Betye Saar 1972

MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE POSTMODERNIST ARCHITECTURE “Less is MORE.” “Less is A BORE.”

AT&T Building Designed by Phillip Johnson Designed by Phillip Johnson Masonry and Glass Masonry and Glass –Ode to the Classics Divided into three parts Divided into three parts

The top slopes down like a pediment, including a space in the middle known as an orbiculum (similar to the look of 18 th century dressers) Phillip Johnson, the AT&T Building (New York), POSTMODERN Thin strips of masonry that make up the center resembles the fluting of columns

The entrance includes a massive round arch, similar to a triumphal arch or a Romanesque portal. (Please note the modern-day looking ‘coffers’ and ‘rose window’) Phillip Johnson, the AT&T Building (New York), POSTMODERN

Pompidou Center Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano Interior Framework exposed Interior Framework exposed Color Coded Color Coded –Red: Escalators, Stairs –Green: Plumbing –Blue: Air Ducts, Air Conditioning –Yellow: Electricity Interior has interchanging walls Interior has interchanging walls Metal and Glass Metal and Glass

The Pompidou Centre is a multipurpose structure. It contains a public library, France’s National Museum of Modern Art, a theatre and numerous halls. It was named after the French President Georges Pompidou. It demonstrates MODERNIST architecture with its steel support beams and functionality, but it’s mixture of influences and lack of decoration and make it POSTMODERNIST.

Richard Rodgers and Renzo Piano, The Pompidou Centre, POSTMODERN

Guggenheim: Bilbao, Spain Designed by Frank Gehry Designed by Frank Gehry Asymmetrical Exterior with outside walls Asymmetrical Exterior with outside walls Irregular masses of titanium walls Irregular masses of titanium walls Curved Lines Curved Lines Deconstructivist Architecture Deconstructivist Architecture Exterior = Ship Reference Exterior = Ship Reference

Frank Gehry, Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, DECONSTRUCTIVISM

Sydney Opera House Three Buildings in One Three Buildings in One Concert Hall, Opera House, Restaurant Concert Hall, Opera House, Restaurant Fanlike vaults = Ships Sails Fanlike vaults = Ships Sails

Sydney Opera House Joern Utzon