I’m Positive! Energy Distance Apart (between nuclei) A metal ionA metal atom I.E. E.A. A nonmetal atom A nonmetal ion I’m Negative I said I’m Positive!! Yes, I’m positive I’m negative Your jokes are stupid!

Ions as packed spheres.

I’m Positive! Energy Distance Apart (between nuclei) A metal ion I.E. E.A. A nonmetal ion I’m Negative When a metal and a nonmetal atom are around each other there is the opportunity for…. …the transfer of electrons producing ions that would like to cling to each other.

The simplest ratio of the packed ions is called: The Formula Unit

The formation of a bond between two nonmetal atoms. Atoms sufficiently far apart to have no interaction

Energy Distance Apart (between nuclei) Bond Energy Bond Length Lowest energy situation

“molecule” of acetic acid… space filling model “molecule” of acetic acid… ball and stick model

Energy Distance Apart (between nuclei) Bond Energy Bond Length When a nonmetal and another nonmetal atom are around each other there is the opportunity for…. …the sharing of electrons producing molecules in which the atoms like to cling to each other.

Probability representation of the electron sharing in HF. Expected H—F bond nrg = ½(H—H bond nrg + F—F bond nrg)  = (H—F) act - (H—F) exp Fluorine was found to produce the compound with the largest  value. (i.e. fluorine has the greatest ability to polarize bonds!) Electronegativity: the ability of an atom to attract shared pairs of electrons to itself in a molecule

Electronegativity values for selected elements.

Table 12.1

The three possible types of bonds. Pure Covalent Polar Covalent Ionic