Overview of Anatomy From the Head down to the diaphragm

The Nervous System CNS = brain and spinal cord PNS = 12 pairs of cranial nerves & 31 pairs of spinal nerves Neurons = sensory & motor senders and receivers of the nervous system Dendrites = afferent – receivers Axons = efferent – senders Synapse = space between where two neurons meet Neurotransmitters = chemical agents that help carry info across synaptic cleft (the boats)

CNS There are no living scarecrows….all living humans have a brain Brain – the commander-in-chief of the entire body

Brain Brain stem – 3 major reflex centers – Cardiac center – Vasometer center – Respiratory center Cerebellum – ‘little brain’ = regulating motor and muscular activity Cerebrum – wrinkly part – high level thinking

Lobes of Brain exedvisuals.com /scripts/ivstock/ pic.asp?id= exedvisuals.com /scripts/ivstock/ pic.asp?id= Frontal – executive functions – Broca’s area- left part (speech output) Parietal – preceiving & integrating sensory/perceptual info – Comprehending oral/written language & calculating math Temporal – left- auditory cortex (interprets auditory info) & Wernicke’s area = language comprehension Occipital – receives and processes visual info

Organizational Principles of Brain InterconnectednessAll brain functions and structures are highly interconnected, interacting via a rich, complex web of brain fibers HierarchyThe CNS is arranged heirarchically, with lower-level functions managed by the spinal cord and higher-level functions managed by the brain. SpecializationEach area of the brain is highly specialized to perform specific functions PlasticityThe human brain has the capacity to organize and reorganize itself as a result of experience Critical PeriodCertain periods of development correspond to rapid structural and functional growth in the brain.

Speech & the Brain – the triangle Broca’s areaHeschl’s gyrusWernicke’s area

Three areas In close contact with each other (left side of brain) Broca – fluent expression of speech/language Heschl’s gyrus – auditory perception & sensation; interpretation of sound Wernicke’s area – language comprehension

Respiration m m lthcare_services/lung_diseases/about/anatom y/ lthcare_services/lung_diseases/about/anatom y/

Phonation istics/russell/138/sec5/phonatio.htm istics/russell/138/sec5/phonatio.htm Vocal tract and larynx - on.htm on.htm

Articulation Vocal Tract - istics/russell/138/sec1/anatomy.htm istics/russell/138/sec1/anatomy.htm Articulators - lation.html lation.html

Hearing astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/Sound/ear.html astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/Sound/ear.html =9&gps=98_116_1020_645&f=10&tt=12&bt= 1&bts=1&zu=http%3A// er/ear.php =9&gps=98_116_1020_645&f=10&tt=12&bt= 1&bts=1&zu=http%3A// er/ear.php

Swallowing Or deglutition Phases – Oral – mastication and prep of bolus Oral prep – Bolus preparation – Bolus placement Oral Transport – Soft palate elevates (closing off nasal cavity) – Lips contract, oral seal – Tongue blade drops, with bolus descending in oral cavity – Tongue tip rises to press against the hard palate ready for propulsion – Pharyngeal – bolus at tonsils, constrictor muscles – Esophogeal – sphincters to stomach