Ruminants, poultry, monogastric

Objectives  Analyze the parts and functions of the digestive system of farm animals Describe the function and major parts of the digestive system of ruminants. Describe the function and major parts of the digestive system of non-ruminants. Describe the function and major parts of the digestive system of poultry.

Parts of the Digestive System

Parts of the Digestive system  Mouth Functions ○ mechanical digestion Teeth break up food chemical digestion (saliva) ○ amylase enzyme digests starch ○ mucus protects soft lining of digestive system lubricates food for easier swallowing ○ buffers neutralizes acid to prevent tooth decay ○ anti-bacterial chemicals kill bacteria that enter mouth with food

Parts of the Digestive System  Epiglottis flap of cartilage closes trachea (windpipe) when swallowing food travels down esophagus Peristalsis involuntary muscle contractions to move food along

Parts of the Digestive System  Stomach Functions ○ disinfect food hydrochloric acid = pH 2 kills bacteria ○ food storage can stretch to fit food ○ digests protein pepsin enzyme

Part of the Digestive System  Small Intestine Functions ○ digestion digest carbohydrates -amylase from pancreas digest proteins -trypsin & chymotrypsin from pancreas digest lipids (fats) -bile from liver & lipase from pancreas ○ absorption

Parts of the Digestive System  Small Intestine Made up of three parts ○ Duodenum ○ Jejunum ○ Ileum

Parts of the Digestive System  Cecum first part of the large intestine attached to the appendix Its purpose is to absorb excess fluids and lubricate food with mucus to allow it to pass along the remainder of the digestive tract with ease. Also act as storage

Parts of the Digestive System  Large Intestine functions: Water absorption > 90% of water re-absorbed not enough water re-absorbed -diarrhea too much water re-absorbed -Constipation Add mucus to undigested feed  Inside your large intestine are millions of helpful bacteria

Parts of the Digestive System  Pancreas Produces different enzymes for digestion Neutralizes stomach acid in small intestine DIABETES!!

Parts of the Digestive System  Liver Production of Bile ○ Dark green to yellow fluid that digests lipids  Gallbladder Stores the bile

Taurine

Poultry  Chickens  Turkeys  Ducks  Geese

Poultry Digestive Systems  Mouth or beak Can not chew food  Esophagus Connects mouth to crop  Crop Stores feed

Poultry Digestive Systems  Gizzard Crushes feed ○ Contains grit and gravel Mixes feed with digestive juices  Liver  Small and Large Intestine  Vent Removes solid and liquid waste

GIBLETS!!

Parts of the digestive system  Esophagus Tube like structure  Stomach Pouch with undigested feed  Liver Large brown organ beneath the stomach or crop

Parts of the digestive system  Small intestine Long tube Gray colored partially digested feed  Large intestine Large relatively short compartment Contains fecal material

Mono-gastric Stomachs

Non-ruminants  Animals that only have one stomach (mono-gastric).  Dogs, cats, horses, bears, humans, etc.  They can either be herbivores, omnivores, or carnivores.

Mouth  Teeth All teeth are made up of incisors, canines, pre-molars, and molars.

Mouth  Animals have three different types of salivary glands (parotid, mandibular, sublingual)  They moisten the food  They lubricate the mouth  Add enzymes and bicarbonate salts

Tongue  A mass of muscle covered by mucous membranes.  Divided into three parts: Apex (rostral end) Body Root (near the throat)  The muscles are oriented longitudinal, perpendicular, and transverse.

Stomach  The simple stomach is made up of 4 parts: Fundus Cardia (near the esophagus) Body (largest) Pylorus

Carnivore  Very Well developed stomach  Uncomplicated intestine  Limited fiber digestion

Omnivore  More complicated GIT than carnivores  Colonic digesters Pigs, humans  Cecal digesters rat

Herbivore  Cow- ruminant  Horse- simple stomach, large cecum, large sacculated LI  Rabbit- larger stomach, very large sacculated cecum, unsacculated LI

Common Digestive Disorders in Dogs  General signs to look out for Diarrhea/constipation Loss of appetite Abdominal pain Bleeding Bloating Dehydration

Digestive disorders  Hernia A protrusion of an organ through the abdomen  Gingivitis/periodontitis Damage & inflammation to the gums of the mouth  Excessive saliva  Canine Parvovirus (parvo) Virus that replicates and spreads into bloodstream No treatment  Bloat Twisting of the stomach on its axis causing gas  Swallowed poison

Digestive Disorders  Many bacteria and parasitic disorders round worm, hook worm, salmonella, flukes, etc.  Pancreatic cancer/ pancreatitis  Hepatic Encephalopathy Failure of the liver to remove toxins  Anaphylactic Shock (liver)  Anal sac disease Clogged or infected anal sacs  Rectal tears

Common Disorders in Horses  Signs of digestive disorders Drooling Shock Bleeding Diarrhea Abdominal pain  *horses cannot vomit*

Horse disorders  Colic Severe abdominal pain  Teeth problems Floating  Paralysis of tongue  Cysts  Hernias  Pyloric Stenosis  Portosystemic shunt Toxins bypass the liver and enter nervous system

Horse disorders  Gastrointestinal obstructions  Intestinal twisting  Salmonella  Potomac Horse Fever (Neorickettsia risticii) Vaccine available  Foal Heat Diarrhea  Parasites, viruses, bacteria Ascarids (worms), horse bot flies, strongyles

Homework  Research at least two digestive disorders (any two from any animal).  Please write a paper on them Should be two pages (one page each) typed Should include disease name, how it is spread, symptoms, how it can be prevented, and how it is treated. Please cite your sources Due on the 30 th /31 st

Ruminant Digestive Systems  Functions of the digestive system of animals include: ingestion (eating) chewing (mastication) swallowing (deglutition) absorption of nutrients elimination of solid wastes (defecation)

Ruminant Digestive Systems  Ruminants are those animals that contain a multi-chambered digestive system (polygastric) that allows the animal to gain the majority of their nutritional needs from forages and other roughages.  Forage refers to grasses, roughages refers to other high-fiber food sources.

Ruminant Digestive Systems  The digestive system of ruminant animals includes the : Mouth - grasps the food Teeth - grind the food ○ Ruminants have only one set of teeth in the front of the mouth (incisors), and two sets in the back (molars).

Ruminant Digestive Systems  Ruminant animals grasp mouthfuls of food and swallow it before it is chewed. They wrap their tongue around a mouthful of grass, clamp down their teeth, and pull to break the grass at its weakest point, and swallow.

Ruminant Digestive Systems Ruminants will “chew their cud” (regurgitate) their food material and then grind it with their molars at a time when the animal is resting. This is done until the food particles are small enough to pass through the reticulum into the rumen.

Ruminant Digestive Systems  At this point, ruminant animals have a multi-chambered “stomach” Reticulum - honeycomb-like interior surface, this part helps to remove foreign matter from the food material. “hardware stomach”

Reticulum - full

Reticulum - cleaned

Ruminant Digestive Systems  Since ruminant animals do not “chew” their food when it is taken in, at times foreign material like rocks, nails, small pieces of wire, can be swallowed.

Ruminant Digestive Systems  While the animal is “chewing its cud” foreign particles that are heavy are allowed to “sink” in the reticulum, preventing many foreign particles from entering the rest of the digestive system.  Once foreign material enters the reticulum, it stays there for the life of the animal.

Telephone Cord

Wire

Sponge taken from digestive system of an animal

Ruminant Digestive Systems Rumen - the organ that allows for bacterial and chemical breakdown of fiber. ○ 25 to 50 billion bacteria ○ The rumen has a very thick, muscular wall. ○ It fills most of the left-side of the abdomen ○ Largest compartment holding 50 gallons.

Ruminant Digestive Systems ○ The walls of the rumen contain papillae (that can be up to 1 cm. in length), where the bacteria that are used to breakdown fiber live. ○ In some ruminants (dairy cattle) the rumen can have a capacity of gallons!

Papillae in Rumen

Ruminant Digestive Systems Omasum - section that is round and muscular. ○ “Grinds” the food material and prepares the food material for chemical breakdown. ○ Compartment known as the filter

Omasum - full

Ruminant Digestive Systems Abomasum - very similar to the stomach of non-ruminants. ○ this is where the majority of chemical breakdown of food material occurs. ○ mixes in digestive enzymes (pepsin, rennin, bile, etc.).

Abomasum – inside view

Ruminant Digestive Systems  In conclusion, the rumen allows for bacteria to breakdown fiber, enabling ruminants to gain the proteins and energy from plant sources.  Non-ruminant animals cannot obtain the nutritional value from most plant sources unless the food has been modified (ground, mashed, etc.) index