SOUTH CAROLINA AND THE CIVIL WAR

CLASSES OF PEOPLE 4 Classes of People 4 Classes of People 1. planters and traders 1. planters and traders Very rich Very rich Traded cotton and rice Traded cotton and rice 2. independent farmers, lawyers, doctors, merchants 2. independent farmers, lawyers, doctors, merchants Middle class Middle class Lived in comfort, but not rich Lived in comfort, but not rich 3. poor people 3. poor people Lower class Lower class Did the best they could Did the best they could 4. slaves 4. slaves Most worked on plantations Most worked on plantations

LIFE ON A PLANTATION Planter’s family Planter’s family Life of luxury Life of luxury Lived in the largest, best house on the land Lived in the largest, best house on the land Overseer – a person who managed the workers (slaves) Overseer – a person who managed the workers (slaves)

LIFE ON A PLANTATION

Slaves Slaves Worked long hours Worked long hours Wealth of planter depended on the slaves Wealth of planter depended on the slaves Slaves worked as: Slaves worked as: Lived in small, one-room cabins Lived in small, one-room cabins Carpenters Blacksmiths Cooks Butlers Repairmen Tending Crops

LIFE ON A SMALL FARM Yeomen Farmer – independent farmer who owned a small amount of land and worked it himself Yeomen Farmer – independent farmer who owned a small amount of land and worked it himself Most small farmers were NOT slave owners Most small farmers were NOT slave owners Some yeomen farmers were free blacks Some yeomen farmers were free blacks

LIFE IN THE CITY Only 5 cities in SC with a population of 1,500 or more Only 5 cities in SC with a population of 1,500 or more All different classes lived and worked in cities All different classes lived and worked in cities Rich Traders – lived in Charleston Rich Traders – lived in Charleston Planters – richest had homes in city as well as plantation Planters – richest had homes in city as well as plantation Slaves were sometimes rented out to people in the city. Slaves were sometimes rented out to people in the city.

LIFE IN THE CITY Traders and planters controlled the economy and had power in the government. Traders and planters controlled the economy and had power in the government. Free Blacks – made a living as artisans Free Blacks – made a living as artisans Artisans – skilled workers such as tailors, barbers, butchers, bakers Artisans – skilled workers such as tailors, barbers, butchers, bakers

CHILDREN IN THE 1800S Farmers’ Children – worked at home Farmers’ Children – worked at home Boys on farms Boys on farms Learned to care for livestock, hunt, fish Learned to care for livestock, hunt, fish Learned to plant, care for, & harvest crops Learned to plant, care for, & harvest crops Boys in cities Boys in cities Learned a craft or the trade of their parents Learned a craft or the trade of their parents

CHILDREN IN THE 1800S Girls Girls Learned to cook, sew, clean, and do laundry Learned to cook, sew, clean, and do laundry Learned to make butter, cloth, soap, and candles Learned to make butter, cloth, soap, and candles Learned to plant and care for a small garden Learned to plant and care for a small garden

CHILDREN IN THE 1800S Elite White Children Elite White Children Taught at home by tutors Taught at home by tutors Families with money sent teens to an academy Families with money sent teens to an academy College was started in Columbia College was started in Columbia South Carolina College South Carolina College Hoped it would unite people of SC Hoped it would unite people of SC Believed young men would become new leaders for the state. Believed young men would become new leaders for the state.

COTTON AND SLAVERY Cotton Gin Cotton Gin Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 Before this cotton had to be cleaned by hand – slow and costly Before this cotton had to be cleaned by hand – slow and costly Gin cleans cotton balls of their seeds quickly and easily Gin cleans cotton balls of their seeds quickly and easily Cotton became a leading crop in the state Cotton became a leading crop in the state Soon more than half the people in SC were slaves Soon more than half the people in SC were slaves

ELI WHITNEY THE COTTON GIN

COTTON AND SLAVERY

SLAVERY ON A PLANTATION Slaves were considered property, like cows or horses Slaves were considered property, like cows or horses Some owners took good care of their slaves, but others mistreated or abused theirs Some owners took good care of their slaves, but others mistreated or abused theirs Slave families could be separated – sold to different people Slave families could be separated – sold to different people Most common punishment was a severe beating with a horse whip Most common punishment was a severe beating with a horse whip SC had the highest percentage of slave owners in the nation SC had the highest percentage of slave owners in the nation

CONFLICT OVER SLAVERY Abolitionists – people who worked to abolish, or end, slavery Abolitionists – people who worked to abolish, or end, slavery Sarah and Angelina Grimke – abolitionists from Charleston Sarah and Angelina Grimke – abolitionists from Charleston Underground Railroad – secret routes slaves used to escape to the North and Canada Underground Railroad – secret routes slaves used to escape to the North and Canada States were fighting over whether new states to the Union should be slave states or free states and about whether escaped slaves should be returned to their owners. States were fighting over whether new states to the Union should be slave states or free states and about whether escaped slaves should be returned to their owners.

CONFLICT OVER SLAVERY Northern States – Free States Northern States – Free States Southern States – Slave States Southern States – Slave States John C. Calhoun – supported states’ rights John C. Calhoun – supported states’ rights Believed that each state should have the right to make its own decisions Believed that each state should have the right to make its own decisions To settle the conflict; Congress passed the Compromise of 1850 To settle the conflict; Congress passed the Compromise of 1850 California became a free state California became a free state Fugitive Slave Law Passed Fugitive Slave Law Passed North would have to return slaves to the South North would have to return slaves to the South Didn’t last very long!! Didn’t last very long!!

CAUSES OF CIVIL WAR 1. States’ Rights 1. States’ Rights South believed that each state should be able to make their own decisions South believed that each state should be able to make their own decisions 2. Economics 2. Economics North made money from factories North made money from factories South made money from farming South made money from farming

CAUSES OF CIVIL WAR 3. Taxes 3. Taxes Congress decided to pass a tax on imports Congress decided to pass a tax on imports North wanted a high tax so their factory products would cost less than products from other countries North wanted a high tax so their factory products would cost less than products from other countries South wanted a lower tax because a higher tax would make it more difficult for them to trade their crops for the goods they needed. South wanted a lower tax because a higher tax would make it more difficult for them to trade their crops for the goods they needed.

CAUSES OF CIVIL WAR 4. Slavery 4. Slavery North North Didn’t understand slavery Didn’t understand slavery Thought slavery was wrong Thought slavery was wrong Wanted to get rid of slavery Wanted to get rid of slavery South South Felt they had to have slavery Felt they had to have slavery Thought the states had the right to decide for themselves about slavery Thought the states had the right to decide for themselves about slavery

SECESSION 1860 – Abraham Lincoln became president 1860 – Abraham Lincoln became president He didn’t support slavery or states’ rights He didn’t support slavery or states’ rights Southerners were afraid he would get rid of slavery Southerners were afraid he would get rid of slavery SC decided to secede from the United States and start a new country SC decided to secede from the United States and start a new country Secession Convention met in Columbia then moved to Charleston to discuss the idea of leaving the United States. Secession Convention met in Columbia then moved to Charleston to discuss the idea of leaving the United States.

SECESSION December 20, 1860 – December 20, 1860 – All members of convention voted to secede All members of convention voted to secede Other states followed – Other states followed – They became the Confederate States of America They became the Confederate States of America Lincoln stated that no state was allowed to secede from the United States once they had joined. Lincoln stated that no state was allowed to secede from the United States once they had joined. This led to the war! This led to the war!

TWO SIDES OF WAR United States (Union) North No Slavery High Import Tax Government rights President: Abraham Lincoln Leader of Army: Ulysses S. Grant Other Leader: William T. Sherman Strengths: larger army, factories, railroads Confederate States (Confederacy) South Had Slavery Low Import Tax States’ Rights President: Jefferson Davis Leader of Army: Robert E. Lee Other Leader: Wade Hampton Strengths: took place in south; they knew the land

CONFEDERATE FLAG (confederate song)

WAR BEGINS Fort Sumter – Charleston, SC Fort Sumter – Charleston, SC April 12, 1861 April 12, 1861 Confederates ordered Union troops to leave Confederates ordered Union troops to leave Union refused Union refused Confederates fired cannons Confederates fired cannons Fighting lasted a day and a half Fighting lasted a day and a half Union finally surrendered. Union finally surrendered. These were the first shots of the Civil War These were the first shots of the Civil War

UNION BLOCKADE Union sent ships to block the coast of the Confederacy Union sent ships to block the coast of the Confederacy Stopped goods, weapons, supplies, and people from getting into or out of the south Stopped goods, weapons, supplies, and people from getting into or out of the south Blockade runners – merchant ships who tried to get through the blockade Blockade runners – merchant ships who tried to get through the blockade Robert Smalls – famous African American blockade runner Robert Smalls – famous African American blockade runner HL Hunley – first submarine HL Hunley – first submarine Hope for it was to help break up the blockade. Hope for it was to help break up the blockade.

SHERMAN’S MARCH War destroyed much of the south War destroyed much of the south General William T. Sherman led a march across GA, SC, and NC General William T. Sherman led a march across GA, SC, and NC On Feb. 1, 1865 Sherman and his army entered SC On Feb. 1, 1865 Sherman and his army entered SC South Carolinians thought he would go to Charleston so many fled to Columbia South Carolinians thought he would go to Charleston so many fled to Columbia Sherman went straight to Columbia burning many things in his path Sherman went straight to Columbia burning many things in his path

SHERMAN’S MARCH A fire started in Columbia when he got there. A fire started in Columbia when he got there. No one knows who started it or how it started No one knows who started it or how it started Some think Sherman started it to burn Columbia Some think Sherman started it to burn Columbia Others think Confederates started it so Sherman wouldn’t get their supplies. Others think Confederates started it so Sherman wouldn’t get their supplies. 6 bronze stars on the state house are from where cannon fire hit the building during this march. 6 bronze stars on the state house are from where cannon fire hit the building during this march.

COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA DURING THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

WAR ENDS Union took Charleston Union took Charleston They bombed railroads and railroad tracks to stop the south from getting supplies They bombed railroads and railroad tracks to stop the south from getting supplies April 9, 1865 April 9, 1865 General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia The war was over The war was over Confederate States became part of the US again Confederate States became part of the US again Slavery was abolished (ended) Slavery was abolished (ended) The 13 th amendment to the Constitution The 13 th amendment to the Constitution