Chapter 22 The Industrial Revolution Part 1

The Industrial Revolution 1780-1850 Part of the Dual Revolution (the other part is the French Revolution) Machines began to replace human and animal power in the manufacture and production of goods The use of the steam engine for textile productin in the 1780’s was the turning point

Europe gradually changed From an agricultural and commercial society to a modern industrial society In the 1830’s only a small segment of British working people were employed in factories By 1850, industrialism had spread throughout Europe…20 years!

The Economic Changes Of the Industrial Revolution did more to revolutionize life in Europe and Western civilization than any other movement Society had not experienced such a radical change since the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period

Roots of the Industrial Revolution The Commercial Revolution (1500-1700) Spurred great economic growth Brought about the Age of Exploration The Price Revolution Inflation stimulated production as producers could get more money for their goods The Bourgeoisie acquired much of their wealth from trading and manufacturing

Roots of the Industrial Revolution The Rise of Capitalism Increased the use of surplus money for investment in ventures to make a profit The Middle Class provided the leadership for the economic revolution (joint-stock companies, chartered companies The Scientific Revolution: produced the first wave of mechanical inventions and technological advances

Roots of the Industrial Revolution The increase of Europe’s population provided larger markets Proto-industrialization: the Cottage Industry The Merchant-capitalist The Family Unit Unregulated Production Its Problems (for the merchant capitalist)

Roots of the Industrial Revolution Proto industrialism Technology 1733 Kay’s Flying Shuttle 1764 Hargreaves’s Spinning Jenny: early units required 6-24 workers 1769 Arkwright’s Water Frame: could employ as many as 1,000 workers 1779 Crompton’s Spinning Mule Machines too big, required too many workers to be contained in cottages

England was the first to industrialize Began in the 1780’s Was complete by 1830’s Had no impact on European continent until Napoleon’s final defeat in 1815

Why was England First? Geographic isolation from the continent offered protection and separation from many of the continental wars Ample supply of coal and iron From Wales and Northern England No need to rely on foreign importation of raw materials

Why England First? Waterways offered a source of alternate power for factories and navigable transport for trade and communication No part of England is more than 20 miles from navigable water Was much cheaper to move goods via waterways than over land

Why England First? England had an expanding role in the 18th century Atlantic economy The growth of the Royal Navy and increasing number of global ports provided protection from foreign threats to England’s commercial empire

The Agricultural Revolution Was vital to the Industrial Revolution Supply of cheap and abundant labor was provided for factories as the enclosure movement forced landless farmers to move to the towns and cities The Agricultural Revolution made it possible for fewer farmers to feed larger numbers of people

The Population in England Doubled in the 18th century So demand for goods within the country inspired increased production Because of increased food production, more people were freed up to work in factories

The End of Feudalism People were free to move and seek employment because serfdom and feudalism was long gone in England and gone in Europe

200 years of profitable commercial activity Meant that capital was available for investment England could avoid costly continental wars if she chose The British merchants and gentry often prospered due to the many wars on the continent

The Bank of England 1694 Provided capital for investment in industry Insurance companies (like Lloyd’s of London) provided a degree of protection from commercial failure

Entrepreneurs A group of motivated, inventive folks who had technical skill and the willingness to take risks Were often young men from the gentry class who were interested in careers in business Members of the middle class found opportunities to rise into the nobility through success in business

The Protestant Work Ethic Didn’t hurt

England’s Colonial Empire Gave her access to raw materials Gave her markets for manufactured goods

England’s Government Encouraged industrial development Well-established institutions (bank of England) made loans available The limited monarchy in England meant that government was not likely to stifle expansion of business and the growth of the middle class (not true in France and Russia) Government stability did not hurt

England’s Government England was not devastated by by the Napoleonic Wars The Rise of the House of Commons became a tool for the rising middle class so the government earned its loyalty (The French middle class started the revolution) Strong monarchies stifled the middle class

Parliamentary Legislation favored Big Business The Bubble Act was repealed to allow (once again) for the creation of joint stock companies The Lowes Act: allowed for limited liability for business owners The Repeal of the Navigation Acts The eventual repeal of the Corn Laws (1846)