Chapter 1 Nature of Science

Chapter 1: Nature of Science Section 1: The Methods of Science

You will learn how to…. Identify the steps of the scientific method Identify the steps of the scientific method Describe why scientists use variables Describe why scientists use variables Distinguish between dependent and independent variables Distinguish between dependent and independent variables This is important because: Using scientific methods will help you solve problems.

The Methods of Science What is science? What is science?

Science is…… Science- a process that uses observation and investigation to gain knowledge about events in nature.

Science is…. ObservationInvestigation Knowledge about Nature 

Categories of Science Life Science- deals with living things (Biology)

Categories of Science Earth Science- investigates Earth and space

Categories of Science Physical Science- deals with matter and energy (Chemistry and Physics) This is the category of science you will learn in this class this year!

Question? What is technology?

Technology Technology- application of science to help people Ex. Lights, x-ray machine, and glucometer (device that tests blood sugar level)

The Methods of Science What is an organized set of investigation procedures called in science?

Alright!!! The scientific method is a set of investigation procedures. It is an approach to problem solving.

The Methods of Science There are steps in the scientific method!

Steps of Scientific Method Determine the PROBLEM Make a HYPOTHESIS (educated guess) Gather Information EXPERIMENT ANALYZE DATA CONCLUSIONS

CONCLUSION ! STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Observation VS Inference Observation- is an examination of something in nature. It is detected by any of the five senses. Observation- is an examination of something in nature. It is detected by any of the five senses. Ex. taste, touch, smell, hear, see

Observation VS Inference Inference- is a judgment based on observation. It is a personal opinion.

Let’s Practice……. The bird is green. The bird is green. A. Observation B. Inference

Let’s Practice……. The kitten in the picture is at least 1 year old. The kitten in the picture is at least 1 year old. A. Observation B. Inference

Let’s Practice……. The dog is wagging his tail because he is happy. The dog is wagging his tail because he is happy. A. Observation B. Inference

Experiments An experiment has at least variables! A variable is anything that may affect the outcome of an experiment.

Types of Variables Controlled Variable Controlled Variable Independent Variable Independent Variable Dependent Variable Dependent Variable

Variables Controlled variable- Controlled variable- the variable that is NOT changed the variable that is NOT changed the variable that is left the same the variable that is left the same the variable that is used to compare the test results to (used as the standard) the variable that is used to compare the test results to (used as the standard)

Variables Independent variable- Independent variable- the variable that is changed ON PURPOSE in the experiment the variable that is changed ON PURPOSE in the experiment the variable that is manipulated (changed) the variable that is manipulated (changed)

Variables Dependent variable- Dependent variable- the variable that changes IN RESPONSE to changes in the independent variable (Remember, the independent variable is changed ON PURPOSE) the variable that changes IN RESPONSE to changes in the independent variable (Remember, the independent variable is changed ON PURPOSE) A.K.A. the responding variable A.K.A. the responding variable

The Methods of Science It’s Activity Time!

Chapter 1: Nature of Science Section 3: Communicating With Graphs

You will learn how to…. Identify three types of graphs and explain the ways they are used Identify three types of graphs and explain the ways they are used Analyze data using the various types of graphs Analyze data using the various types of graphs This is important because: Graphs are a quick way to communicate a lot of information in a small amount of space.

Question Which would be the BEST way to show data collected from an experiment (Table or Graph)? Why? Freshman Sophomore Junior Senior Graduate Total TABLE GRAPH

Answer… The Graph! It’s easier to understand just by looking at it!

Graph A graph is a visual display of information or data. Bar Graph Line Graph Circle Graph (100%)

Bar Graphs and Line Graphs TITLE- Independent, Dependent X-axis = Independent Variable (Manipulated) Y-axis = Dependent Variable (Responds) DRY MIX

Analyzing Graphs Left To right= Positive Left To right= Negative

Let’s Practice Positive or Negative?

Answer… Positive

Let’s Practice Positive or Negative?

Answer… Positive

Let’s Practice Positive or Negative?

Answer… Negative

What if…. You cannot see everything that you are testing or observing because it is too large (Universe), too small (atom), or takes to much time to see completely (continental drift)? What could you do?

You could… You could use a model as a representation of an idea, event, or object to help people better understand it.

Model Examples Models can be objects, pictures, computer programs, maps, simulators (ex. driving simulators)

Science can’t answer all questions! Scientific Theory- Scientific Theory- an explanation of things or events based on knowledge gained from many observations and investigations an explanation of things or events based on knowledge gained from many observations and investigations CAN CHANGE CAN CHANGE Tries to explain WHY things happen Tries to explain WHY things happen

Science can’t answer all questions! Scientific Law- Scientific Law- a statement about what happens in nature and that seems to be true all of the times (Ex. Gravity) a statement about what happens in nature and that seems to be true all of the times (Ex. Gravity) DOES NOT CHANGE DOES NOT CHANGE tells WHAT happens, but does not explain WHY tells WHAT happens, but does not explain WHY

Important Vocabulary Science Scientific method HypothesisVariable Dependent Variable Independent Variable Controlled Variable GraphModel Scientific Theory Scientific Law

It’s Activity Time Graphing Time

Chapter 1: Nature of Science Section 2: Standards of Measurement

You will learn how to…. Name the prefixes used in SI and indicate what multiple of 10 each one represents Name the prefixes used in SI and indicate what multiple of 10 each one represents Identify SI units and symbols for length, volume, mass, density, time, and temperature. Identify SI units and symbols for length, volume, mass, density, time, and temperature. Convert related SI units Convert related SI units This is important because: By using uniform standards, nations can exchange goods and compare information easily.

Let’s Talk….. How would you measure the length of a piece of string? Football field? What are some units of measure for length? EXAMPLE: centimeter (cm)

Let’s Talk…. What would you use to measure the temperature outside? Boiling water? What are some units of measure for temperature? Example: Fahrenheit

What is meant by “SI”? “SI” is the abbreviation used for the “International System of Units” The International System of Units is responsible for the metric system we use today!

Standards Around the World All SI standards are UNIVERSALLY accepted and understood by scientist throughout the world.

SI Standards The SI system is based on multiples of

SI Standards Prefixes are used with the names of the units to indicate what multiple of should be used with units.

SI Prefixes PrefixSymbol Multiplying Factor Kilo-k1,000 Deci-d0.1 Centi-c0.01 Milli-m0.001 Micro-μ Nano-n

Base Units Quantity Measured Base Unit Symbol Prefix + Base Unit LengthMeterm Kilo-meter Deci-meter Centi-meter Milli-meter MassGramg Kilo-gram VolumeLiterL Milli-liter

Section 2: Standards of Measurement Example: kilo- means “1,000” Example: kilo- means “1,000” That means that one kilometer equals 1,000 meters. That means that one kilometer equals 1,000 meters. That means that one kilogram equals ________ grams. That means that one kilogram equals ________ grams.

SI Base Units Quantity Measured UnitSymbol LengthMeterm MassKilogramkg VolumeLiterL TimeSeconds TemperatureKelvinK

Measuring Length Possible SI Units: meter, kilometer, centimeter, millimeter, nanometer Examples Length of a string (centimeter) Length of a football field (meters) Distance from Houston to Dallas (kilometers)

Measuring Mass Mass- The amount of matter an object is made up of. Possible SI Units: gram, kilogram, milligram, microgram Examples Bag of sugar Body Mass

Measuring Volume Volume- The amount of SPACE something take up. Possible SI units LIQUID: liter, milliliter, deciliter ExamplesWaterSodaGasoline Can Goods

Measuring Volume Meniscus- the curved surface of the liquid in a glass graduated cylinder.

Measuring Volume You can also measure the volume of a solid rectangular block by using the formula L x W x H length X width X height Possible Units for Solids: cm 3, m 3, mm 3

Converting Volume Measuring VOLUME 1mL = 1cm 3

Measuring Volume Displacement- occurs when an object is immersed in a fluid, pushing it out of the way and taking its place. Volume of Object = Final Volume – Initial Volume 20 ml23 ml 23 ml – 20 ml = 3ml The volume of the rock is 3ml.

Density Density- mass per unit volume of a material Density- mass per unit volume of a material Density of water 1 g/ml IF the density of an object is LESS than 1 g/ml the object will FLOAT. IF the density of an object is MORE than 1 g/ml the object will SINK.

Density Density = Mass/ Volume D = M / V Units: g/ml = g/ml M VD

Calculating Density A marble has a volume of 4 ml and a density of 6 g/ml. What is the mass of the marble? M DV

Measuring Time Possible Units: seconds, hours, minutes, days, months, years

Measuring Temperature Possible Units: Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit ExamplesOutsideSoupIce

Measuring Temperature Temperature o F = o C * 9/ o C = 5/9 ( o F – 32) K = o C

Important Vocabulary Kilo-MassVolumeMeniscusDensityDisplacement

Standards of Measurement It’s Activity Time!

Web Sites (Graph Worksheets) (Graph Worksheets)