THE STORY OF MOSES AND THE HISTORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT Lesson Three: MOSES AND THE PHARAOHS

Review Lesson One Land of Egypt Egyptian Chronology and History Lesson Two Old Testament Chronology Date of the Exodus Correlate Egyptian History and Biblical Text

Egypt Bible Tuthmosis I ( ) Tuthmosis II ( ) Tuthmosis III ( ) Queen Hatshepsut ( ) “And Moses was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians, and was mighty in words and deeds” (Acts 7:22) Moses kills Egyptian; identifies with his brethren (Heb. 11:24-26) Leaves Egypt [1486] (Ex. 2:11-15) Dwells in Midian 40 years (Acts 7:30)

Egypt Bible Amenhotep II ( ) Tuthmosis IV ( ) Moses informed of previous pharaoh’s death (Ex. 2:23; 4:19); returns to Egypt to face new pharaoh Ten plagues on Egypt Crossing the Red Sea (Ex. 5-14) Death of Moses (1406)

What Do We Know? We know the pharaohs of Moses’ time by name and reputation Gives a window into the world of Moses, since he grew up in the royal household Mummies of each pharaoh has been discovered and identified from the Valley of the Kings near Thebes. Amenhotep II was the only one found in his own tomb; the others were found in a royal cache discovered in 1881.

Ahmose I Founder of the New Kingdom after the expulsion of the Hyksos rulers Consolidated the borders of Egypt with swift military campaigns Initiated temple building projects

Ahmose I

Amenhotep I Left few records According to contemporary reports, led a few military campaigns Initiated building work at the temple of Karnak

Tuthmosis I Not son of Amenhotep I, but a military man who was very closely connected Married the daughter of Ahmose I, thus married into royal blood line Brilliant military campaigns (rapid and effective) Set tone for the illustrious 18 th Dynasty

Tuthmosis II Third son of Tuthmosis I (two older sons died) Since a son by a minor wife, princess Mutnefert, he was married to his half- sister, Hatshepsut, elder daughter of Tuthmosis I and Queen Ahmose, to strengthen his position as king

Tuthmosis II A couple military campaigns, but in poor health, and died in his early thirties Had one very young son, Tuthmosis III, by Isis, a harem girl, and declared him his successor before he died His wife, Hatshepsut, initially acted as regent for the very young king, and soon had usurped her stepson’s position as pharaoh

Tuthmosis I and II

Hatshepsut Attempted to legitimize her rule Took title of king Tried to represent her late father as supporting her coronation and rule Known for trading expeditions more than military prowess Abandoned queen tomb and had a mortuary temple built fit for a king

Hatshepsut’s Temple

Hatshepsut

Drops from scene in 1483 (died?); her mummy has not been identified Has been thought that Tuthmosis III had a hand in her disappearance or death after a struggle for power; he later destroyed many of her monuments and scratched her name off of inscriptions

Tuthmosis III Reigned a lengthy 54 years; only a child when father died Usurped by step-mother for nearly twenty years Great reputation as a builder and military leader; considered by many as the greatest pharaoh of Egypt Built Egypt to its greatest power and glory; Led seventeen military campaigns Called “Napoleon of ancient Egypt”

Tuthmosis III

Moses left Egypt in 1486 at time of Tuthmosis’ power struggle Pharaoh of oppression; death recorded in Exodus 2:23

Tuthmosis III Burial Chamber

Wall Border in Tomb

Tuthmosis III Wrapped Mummy

Tuthmosis III Unwrapped Mummy

Amenhotep II Reigned a lengthy 34 years; first three years as co-regent with father Known for athletic and military prowess Led three military campaigns in first nine years of rule: years three, seven, nine (1450, 1446, 1444) After this, no military campaigns (25 yrs)

Amenhotep II

Pharaoh of plagues and exodus; lost a large part of his military in Red Sea (Ex. 14:5-7, 23, 27-28) Little military action afterward His son, Webensenu, was buried in the royal tomb A prominent (first-born?) son who died before father

Amenhotep II Burial Chamber

Amenhotep II Mummy in Sarcophagus

Amenhotep II Became a footnote in the midst of giants like his father, Tuthmosis III, and grandson, Amenhotep III Known mainly for his tomb A cache of sixteen royal mummies hidden in his tomb “Indeed for this purpose I have raised you up, that I may show My power in you, and that My name may be declared in all the earth” (Ex. 9:16; Rom. 9:17)

Great Character of Moses, the Servant of God Meekness, Humility (Num. 12:3) Courage (Ex. 14:13) Faith (Deut. 6:24-25) Service (Heb. 3:5) Priorities (Heb. 11:24-25) Hope (Heb. 11:26)

Great Character of Moses, the Servant of God “And Moses indeed was faithful in all His house as a servant, for a testimony of those things which would be spoken afterward, but Christ as a Son over His own house, whose house we are if we hold fast the confidence and the rejoicing of the hope firm to the end” (Heb. 3:5-6)